20**年4月CAP通用学术英语试题

English for General Academic Purposes Test

April. 2016

I Listening Comprehension (25Marks)

Passage One

Directions:In this section you are going to hear a passage TWICE . Listen carefully and find the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (1mark each).

1. Which of the following is true of the level of urbanization in the more developed countries?

A. It is at a low rate.

B. It shows a downward trend.

C. It is growing rapidly.

D. It stays fairly constant.

2. Urban population growth in the least developed countries is caused by________.

A. natural increase and migration

B. industrialization and better opportunities to work

C. higher wages and charm of city life

D. colonization and dependence

3. The major difference between urbanization and development is ________.

A. the former requires huge investments while the latter does not

B. the former is a demographic phenomenon while the latter is an economic phenomenon

C. urbanization is occurring at a faster rate than development

D. in human history urbanization started earlier than development

4. According to the over-urbanization theory ________.

A. there is a positive correlation between urbanization and development

B. there is a negative correlation between urbanization and development

C. demographic transition fuels the growth of a city

D. urbanization is costly in less developed countries

5. What is the most appropriate title for the passage?

A. Over-urbanization and City Division

B. Developing Countries and Developed Countries

C. Urbanization and Development

D. Relationship between Urban and Rural Areas

Passage Two

Directions:In this section, you are going to hear a brief lecture. Listen carefully and fill in the blanks in the notes with keywords or complete sentences. The lecture will be read THREE TIMES .

Introduction

●

●Urbanization is defined as Benefits of urbanization:

Urbanization is associated with Urbanization also brings ●and . . (1mark) (1mark) to sustainable development by many.

(0.5mark)

●The purpose of the presentation is (2marks) However ，urbanization is seen as a (an)_____________________________________________________________________.(2marks) Urbanization and Economic Growth

●Urbanization follows economic growth.

Urbanization is a (an)of economic success. (0.5mark) A few exceptions:rapid growth of population because of an influx of people fleeing

Most of the world’slargest cities are in the world’slargest economies.

●Urbanization serves to support economic growth.

New concentrate in cities because they benefit from many aspects.

and (0.5mark) (1mark) marks) It is cheaper for the government to provide the ●

This does not imply an ever increasing concentration. Urbanization and Global Warming

●

●Cities shall not be for global warming. (0.5mark) Two ways of allocating greenhouse gas emissions:

where where ·20come to far more than 20to 25percent.

21and much 22are in rural areas. (1mark) (1mark) (2marks)

(0.5mark)·Most large fossil-fueled ·Rural households 23more greenhouse gases than urban households.

Key point:can have very low greenhouse gas emissions per person relative

to their quality of life. (0.5mark)

25. In the above presentations the two speakers shared some views in common toward urbanization

and development. Summarize these views (atleast three) and write them down in complete sentences (30-40words, 3marks).

II Reading Comprehension (30Marks)

Directions:Read the excerpt from the paper “TheEnd of Urbanization? Towards a New Urban Concept or Rethinking Urbanization”and answer the questions that follow.

Para. 1Urban growth in many Western societies is currently marked by sprawl——thelow-density expansion of larger urban areas, often seen as resulting from a lack of planning control. Sprawl typically develops as a patchy (不均衡的), scattered urban landscape with agricultural fields (EuropeanEnvironmental Agency, 2006). In effect cities have never been easy objects to cope with; their complexity makes it very difficult to get a clear understanding of their nature, processes and reasons for change. In practice, the definition of a city is often related to physical and visible features of the built-up area. Largely as a result of sprawl, however, this correspondence between the built-up area and functional processes has not been the case for a long period. There will often be localities which are functionally integrated with the central city, although separated from it by open land. Fringe (边缘的) development in Western Europe seems dominated by extended suburbanization in the form of discontinuous residential areas mixed with local shops and services. Although the same conditions which produced the US edge city exist in Western Europe, the European “fringe-city”seems primarily to be a result of spread from existing urban areas rather than the development of freestanding urban spaces that are independent of existing towns. Moreover, there are major differences between different parts of Europe in terms of urban development. The European fringe centres include mainly retail and some administrative uses, while the high-grade administration and other functions has remained in the city centres.

Para. 2Yet, fringe city development seems to differ from existing suburbs in one important aspect (Borsdorf,2004). The fringe city is no longer just a residential zone with a flow of commuters towards the central city in the morning and back again in the afternoon. It has become a location of economic activities and jobs in its own right so that it now itself attracts a large number of commuters from the inner cities. The fringe city consists of a series of specialized clusters, each with their specific function—leisure,shopping, education, administration, production, culture, sports and so on.

Para. 3Consequently, we argue that, while urbanization has come to an end in its traditional sense, the processes continue but result in new urban forms and functions. In effect, the path of urbanization across much of the world has changed, challenging our understanding of cities and the traditional meanings of the term “urban”itself. Localities are no longer urban, rural or suburban (Keil&Ronneberger, 1994); they are all of these at the same time, so that the “urbanfringe”is no longer necessarily peripheral （次要的）. These changes point to the emergence of an “urbanfield”.Between centres and residential areas are open spaces for agriculture and recreation. In Friedmann’sunderstanding, the old core has lost its dominant position, becoming just one of several specialized centres in the region.

Para. 4However, as Keil and Ronneberger (1994)argued, the old core has not lost its leading position. Rather it is simply that its role has changed from that of a regional or national centre of business, politics and culture to that of a leading locality for global connectivity. While the type of urbanization familiar to us till now took the form of quantitative expansion of cities to still larger parts of the territory, the new form of urbanization is qualitative. It is a transformation benefiting from global integration, the labour across international borders and vastinvestments in communications and transport infrastructure in the latter part of the twentieth century.

Para. 5In parts of the inner city, a development towards extensive clustering of new urban economic activitieshas begun (Gospodini,2006). This third generation of services has a strategic function as it drives the urban economy and social transformations (Hutton,2000). Moreover, industrial restructuring gives rise to a new middle class with different consumption concepts and sensitivity for urban culture (Gospodini,2006). Thanks to their high income and attraction to particular parts of the city, members of this new middle class can have a strong impact on the visible restructuring of cities. A number of distinctive structures represent the new service clusters in the cities. Knox (1991)refers to these as CARE, namely culture, amusement, recreation and entertainment.

Para. 6Growth in the urban fringe has many drivers, including demographic, economic, transport and technological changes, household preferences and regulation (EuropeanEnvironmental Agency, 2006). Since the 1950s, European cities have on average added 78%tothe area they occupy but only 33%to their population size, with the growth of low-density districts particularly apparent. Outmigration of space-consuming functions such as shopping malls with huge parking spaces, office parks, roads and other infrastructure as well as leisure facilities and residential areas has promoted the expansion of “car-centric”low-density development. However, as argued above, this development has not resulted in the formation of new, freestanding towns and cities. Rather, it is the case that existing urban areas have been “stretchedout”.

Questions:

26. The study is concerned with _________________and________________.

27. Sprawl has made the definitions of cities unclear.

True/False

28. Compare &Contrast the characteristics of European fringe cities and US edge cities.

Similarity

(2marks) (1mark) (6marks)

Differences European fringe cities:

US edge cities:

29. It can be inferred from Para. 2that compared with fringe cities, suburbs_________.

A. lack economic activities and job opportunities

B. has a cluster of shops and motels

C. see no residents commuting to inner cities

30. Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?

A. Urbanization has come to an end. (2marks) (2marks)

B. Traditional classification of places into urban, rural or suburban areas shall be changed.

C. The open spaces shall be used for agriculture only.

31. Whether the old cores still hold a dominant position or not is a _____(1-2words) issue.

32. According to the author the new form of urbanization ________.

A. is a quantitative expansion of cities

B. involves moving high-grade administration and other functions out of the city centers

C. results from global integration, labor mobility and vast investments

33. What do we know about the new clusters in the cities?

A. They have led to changes in many aspects.

B. They are favored especially by the middle class.

C. They are located in particular part of the city.

34. What has been the trend of urbanization in European countries since the 1950s?

A. A large number of freestanding towns and cities have been founded.

B. There has been uneven development between expansion and population growth.

C. The car-centric development has caused heavy pollution.

35. The author’stone in addressing the topic is one of __________.

A. subjective

B. objective

C. negative

36. The large number of references adds to the _________of this research paper.

A. readability

B. originality

C. credibility (2marks) (2marks) (2marks) (2marks) (1mark) (2marks)

Vocabulary:Match the words/phrasesto the meanings.

37.locality

urban spaces

39.cluster

40. commuter

41. structures

42. stretch out (1mark each) Para.1Para. 1Para.2Para.2Para. 5Para. 6a. the property of having a special quality or feature which makes it easily recognizable and different from others b. those who travel a long distance every day between home and place of work c. a small area of a country or city d. extend to a greater or the full length e. standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything f. a grouping of a number of similar things

III Writing (30Marks) Directions:You are required to write an article on Urbanization and Development. Draw from your own knowledge AND from the listening and/orthe reading texts, and write an academically appropriate essay (noless than 200words).

See Answer Sheet.