20**年中石油英语

1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Management

主持会议六大准则

If you are asked to（邀请„„参加„„） chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management.

如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。

1.Always start the meeting on time（按时，准时；按时付款）. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow.

1. 总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。

2.Assign （指定-人，安排） a note-taker or arrange to（安排） have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to(回忆、提及) an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date（在以后的日期）. Good record-keeping is a sign of a good meeting manager as well（同样、也）.

2. 安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。

3.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process（在这个过程中、因此）, block out（封闭、阻碍） valid points（有效点、合理论点） that other group members may be contributing. Additionally （此外、再有）, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by（以…为特征、具有…的特性） effective listening are successful meetings.

3. 学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。

4.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict （矛盾、冲突）prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance（预先、提前）. If an unanticipated （意料之外）conflict develops once the meeting is in progress（正在进行、在发展中）, either appoint a subcommittee to look into （调查、观察） the problem, or ask participants involved in（包含、涉及） the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize（尽可能少、最小化） the chances of wasting participants’valuable time.

4. 让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。

5.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to （容易）monopolize （占用）

meetings, whereas （然而、反之） others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism （批评）.

5. 给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。

6.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants （参与者） tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late （晚点、超时） with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments （约定）, increases （增加） the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces （降低） your credibility as an effective meeting manager.

6．准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议的人的信誉。

10.The Dress Code for Office Life

办公室的着装礼仪

1. Every office has a dress code(着装要求) ，but in today’s casual（随便的） workplace ，they aren’t always written. Instead it is up to（应由、适于） each individual （每个人） to figure out （想出、理解） what’s acceptable （可以接受的） and what’s not. This actually makes it harder to dress appropriately （合适地、适当地）, but fortunately （幸运地） most offices also send out （发出、送出） a few signals.

1. 每个办公室都有其着装之道，但在当今较随便的工作场合中，着装规 则并不总是明文写出。这就需要每位职员自己弄清楚什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的。这实际上增加了得体着装的难度，但好在大多数办公室也 发出一些信号。

2. Start by taking a cue （暗示、线索） from others. Does everyone wear conservative （保守的） suits? Then you’d best follow suit. Are jeans and denim shirts the norm （规范）? Then it’s okay to go causal, although （但是） you may want to dress up（着装） a little the first few weeks when the boss is sizing you up. This is especially （尤其） true if the boss doesn’t dress down as much as everyone else （其他所有人） does.

2. 先从别人身上寻得一些线索。是每个人都穿保守的套装吗？那你最好 也穿套装。牛仔裤和斜纹棉布衬衫是众人常穿的吗？那着装随便些是不成问 题的，可在最初几周内老板还在品评你时，你可能需要着装上心些。特别是 如果老板并不像他人那样着装随便时，你更需上心些。

3. Don ’t buck the system. The more conservative （保守的） your work place is, the riskier it is, in fact, to do this. Clothes are especially important in button-down （刻板拘泥的、温文尔雅的） environments （环境）, and while this may leave you chomping at the bit（不受约束） to reveal （展示） the real you, the risk （风险） usually isn’t worthwhile.

3. 不要违反潮流。事实上你工作的地方越是保守，你违反潮流所带来的 危险也就越大。衣着在一丝不苟的环境中非常重要。你也许不愿受约束而想 展示你的个人风格，但为此冒险通常是不值得的。

4. Dress-Down Fridays

4. 轻松着装的星期五

5. Nowadays in many companies there is a relatively （比较） new office custom （习惯）of dress-down Fridays. Yet people still seem to be（看来、好像） unsure （不确定） how to interpret it. Plus （况且、加上）, even dress-down days have their unwritten rules.

5. 当今在许多公司有一个比较新的办公室习俗：在星期五轻松着装。但 对其如何界定人们似乎还不大有把握。况且即使是着装轻松的日子仍有其不 成文的规定。

6. Many people want to know if they actually （实际上） have to dress down. Some people are uncomfortable （不安的、不习惯的） doing so or don’t think they look their best in casual clothes. Let’s face it — a formal suit does stand out（突出、引人注目） when everyone else is wearing sneakers and jeans, so you won ’t to ignore （忽视） the custom entirely （完全地）. On the other hand, if you like how you look dressed up（精心装扮）, then do a little of both. Wear jeans or casual pants（休闲裤） and a nice shirt and a jacket or a blazer. This way you won’t stand out, and you will still feel comfortable.

6. 很多人想弄知道他们是否真的要随意着装。有些人对随意着装并不习 惯，或认为他们穿便装不能显示出最好的精神面貌。说实话，如果别人都穿 胶底帆布鞋和牛仔裤，你一身西服革履的确有些太显眼，所以你恐怕不应该 全然忽视这一习俗。但在另一方面，如果你喜欢看上去精神利落，那就两者 都兼顾一些。下身穿牛仔裤或休闲裤，上身穿件讲究的衬衫配夹克或宽松的 外衣。如此着装你便不会太突出，自己还依然感到舒服。

7. Don’t err too far in the other direction （方向） either. Nowhere do dress-down days mean that you can come to work in your grubbiest （脏的） clothes. Some clothes are never meant to be seen by your fellow workers （同事）. Office casual typically means careMly tailored, well-made casual clothes. Leisure suits, sweats, or exercise clothes are best left at home 一 or in your locker （柜子） at the gym（健身房）.

7. 但也不要走到另一个极端。轻松着装绝不意味着你可以穿皱巴不洁的 衣服就来上班。有些衣服是绝不应让你的同事看到的。办公室便装往往指的 是精心裁剪、做工讲宄的便装。休闲衣、棉线衫、或运动服最好留在家里一 一或锁在体育馆的衣柜里。

8. Dressing Up for Work

8. 为工作精心着装

9. Dressing up for work can just as hard as dressing down. Dressy （盛装的） office Occasions （场合） include dinner with a client（客户），dinner at the boss ’ s house, a banquet （宴会），a client ’s party ，or an office holiday. For women especially, dressy clothes for business occasions are not the same as dressy clothes for purely （纯粹的） social occasions. For work-related events, it ’ s better to skip the low-cut or slinky (紧身的) dress. Wearing it may forever change your image （印象） in ways you won’t particularly （特别） like. Opt （选择） instead for conservatively （适当地） cut clothes in conservative colors. Skip （忽略） anything with frills （装饰） or lace （花边） (except for a top under a suit) — and skip the bright red （鲜红） minidress （超短连衣裙）.

9. 为工作精心着装与轻松着装一样不易，需要精心着装的办公场合包括 与客户共同进餐，在老板家吃饭，参加宴会、客户举办的晚会或办公室节日 等等。特别是对于女职员，为生意场合精心着装与为纯粹社交场合精心着装 并不一样。在与工作相关的场合中，最好不要穿开领很低或质地柔软包身的 裙子。穿了也许会永远地改变你在他人心目中的形象，那肯定也是你所不希 望的。选择式样、颜色保守的衣服。不要穿那些有花边或饰带的东西（除非 是套服内的上衣）——也不要穿鲜红的超短连衣裙。

12.East Meets West in Relaxing Macau

澳门——东西方文化的交汇点

1. Macau (澳门) is largely unchanged since being returned to（回到） China on December 20th 1999 after 112 years as a Portuguese colony （殖民地） and visitors appreciate （欣赏） it.

1. 在经过112年葡萄牙殖民统治后，澳门于1999年12月20日回归中国， 此后基本上保持原貌，游客们对此很欣赏。

2. Macau inhabitants （居民） regarded the handover （移交） as a mere （只不过、仅仅是） change of administration. Certainly（确实、的确）, you see fewer Portuguese faces on the streets nowadays, but there remains the curious (稀奇的、不同寻常的) mixture （融合、混合） of European flair and Far Eastern tradition that make the city so special.

2. 澳门的居民认为这次移交仅仅是管理上的变化。的确，在今天澳门大 街上你看不到多少葡萄牙人，但是这儿依然是欧洲风格与远东传统文化不同 寻常的融合点，这使得它具有独特的城市风貌。

3. Like its larger neighbour Hong Kong, Macau is now a special administrative region of China, but its special capitalist status（资本主义制度） is guaranteed for （被保持） the next 50 years.

3. 与较大的近邻香港一样，澳门现在是中国的一个特别行政区，它保持 资本主义制度的特殊地位将50年不变。

4. When you first glimpse （一瞥） Macau on the ferry （渡船） from Hong Kong, it looks less than impressive （令人深刻的）. The skyline is dull （平淡） compared to （与„相比） the imposing （雄伟的） glass skyscrapers （摩天大楼） of Hong Kong, and most people do not take the time to revise this first impression（第一印象）, devoting no more than a day trip to it. But this does not do justice to（公平对待） this city of two cultures （两种文化）, which hides （隐藏） plenty of interesting secrets.

4. 当你从香港开来的渡船上第一次瞥一眼澳门时，它看起来并不起眼。 同香港那雄伟壮丽的摩天大楼相比，澳门这个城市的轮廓显得并不鲜明，多 数人只花不多于一天的时间去那里旅游，不愿多费时间去修正他们的第一印 象。但是如此看待这座具有两种文化风格的城市是不公平的，这样很多有趣 的东西就看不到了。

5. The Macau Museum （博物馆）, which opened two years ago, offers an excellent introduction to the peninsula ’s past and present （过去与现在）. Children love it because it is full of technical (专门的、技术) paraphernalia （设备、东西）. You can press buttons to light up trade routes （贸易航线） on maps, or to hear the different typical （标准的、典型的） cries of Macau’s traders （商贩、酒店）.

5. 两年前开放的澳门博物馆极好地展示了半岛的过去和现在。孩子们都 喜欢它是因为里面有各种各样高科技含量的东西。你按一下按钮就能将地图 上的贸易航线照亮，还可以听一听澳门商贩那各具特征的叫卖声。

6. Just a few metres from the Museum is the city’s most photographed symbol （象征、标志）: the ruins （遗址） of Sao Paulo, the Jesuit church built in 1602, although today only its imposing stone facade remains.

6. 离博物馆不远处就是这个城市最具标志性的建筑：圣保罗旧址，建于 1602年的耶稣会教堂, 尽管今天只有它那雄伟的石头砌成的正面仍保留下来。

7. While the majority of Macau’s inhabitants （居民） are Buddhist (佛教), some seven per cent are Catholic （天主教） and the religious sites of Macau testify to（证明、说明） the special mix of eastern and western cultures here. As well as the numerous churches inherited from Portuguese rule, there are very many different temples （寺庙）.

7. 大多数澳门居民是佛教徒，只有7%的居民是天主教徒，澳门的宗教故 址就足以证明这里是东西方文化特殊的交汇点。除了葡萄牙人统治时期遗留 下来的众多教堂之外，这里还有很多风格不一的寺庙。

8. The largest is the Kun lam Tong（观音堂）. In the main hall（主厅、大厅） of this temple, giant spiral （螺旋） joss-sticks hang（垂挂） from the ceiling （天花板）, raining small piles of ash （灰烬） on the heads of visitors. Along the sides are smaller ancestors （祖先） rooms commemorating （纪念） the dead. There is also a room of plants which includes a special bonsai tree（盆景）, the trunk of which happens to be （恰巧） shaped （形状） like the Chinese sign meaning long life （长命百岁）.

8. 最大的是观音堂。在这个观音堂的主厅内，巨大的螺旋形的香从天花 板上垂吊着，

它的灰烬落下来，一些落到了观光者的头上。堂的两厢是纪念己逝先祖的小房间。有一间房内放着盆景，其中有一棵树很特殊，这树的树 干形状正像汉字的“寿”。

9. The contrast （对比） between the peace of these temples and the bustle of Macau city could hardly be more stark. The lively pedestrian zone （步行街、行人区） flanked by （两侧） colonial buildings with their teeming side streets are not at all （一点也不）reminiscent of （令人回忆的）religious （宗教的） contemplation （意图、气氛）. Locals （当地人） and tourists saunter （闲逛） along with（连同、一起） shopping bags.

9. 这些寺庙的宁静与澳门城市的喧闹形成鲜明对比。行人区内十分热闹， 四边都是殖民地风格的建筑，小街纵横交错，这里一点宗教气氛都没有。当 地居民和旅游者都带着购物的袋子闲逛。

10. Macau, on the southeast coast （东南沿海）of China, consists of the Macau peninsula （半岛） and the two offshore islands（沿海岛屿） of Taipa and Coloane （环路岛） in the Pearl River delta （珠江三角洲）. Ninety-six per cent of the 450, 000 inhabitants are of Chinese origin （出身、祖籍）. Anyone who stays a few days, soon realises that the city is small but charming （有魅力、迷人的）. You soon start to recognise a few faces, even the city tramps （流浪者） start to become familiar. Although the tourism industry would like to sell Macau as a racy（生动的、有独特风味的）, modem city, its real appeal （吸引人的） is that it offers a very quiet, relaxing （令人轻松的） contrast to（与„形成对比） Hong Kong.

10. 位于中国东南海岸的澳门，包括澳门半岛和两个位于珠江三角洲的凼 仔岛和路环岛。45万澳门居民中96%的人祖籍是中国。无论是谁在这儿逗留 几天便很快意识到这个城市不大但富有魅力：你很快就能够辨认出一些面孔， 甚至对这个城市的流浪汉也变得熟悉起来。虽然观光业想要把澳门作为一个 富有特色的现代化城市，但其真正令人喜欢的是，与香港相比，它显得特别 宁静和让人放松。

11. But Macau is one of （其中之一） the richest regions in Asia, with an annual per capita gross national product（人均国民生产总值） of more than 17, 000 U.S. dollars. This is mainly thanks to （多亏、由于）gambling. Forty per cent of all state （国家的） income （收入、收益） comes from the numerous （众多的） casinos（赌场） here, the only legally （合法地） operating gambling halls on Chinese territory（领域）.

11. 但是澳门也是亚洲最富的地区之一，它每年人均国民生产总值已经超 过了 1.7万美元。这主要得益于博彩业。40%的政府收入来自于这里众多的赌 场，这里有中国版图上唯一合法经营的赌场。

18. Unleashing （释放） Your Creativity （创造力）

释放你的创造力

1. I ’ve always been an optimist （乐观主义者） and I supposed that is rooted in （深植于） my belief that the power of creativity（创新） and intelligenc e （智慧） can make the world a better place.

1. 我一直是个乐观主义者。我认为创新和智慧可以让世界更美好。这一 观点已经深深扎根于我的信念中。

2. For as long as I can remember, I ’ve loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky （沉重的） old teletype machine and it could barely （几乎） do anything compared to（与„相比） the computers we have today. But it changed my life.

2. 从记事起，我就很喜欢学习新知识，解决问题。所以当我七年级第一 次坐在电脑旁的时候，我一下子被吸引了。其实只是一台眶当作响的旧机器，跟现在的电脑比起来几乎什么都做不了。但是它改变了我的生活。

3. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft （微软公司） 30 years ago, we had a vision （构想、愿望） of “a computer on every desk and in every home,” which probably sounded a little too optimistic （乐观的） at a time （有时） when most computers were the size of refrigerators （电冰箱）. But we believe that personal computers would change the world. And they have.

3. 30年前，我和朋友保罗•艾伦开办微软的时候，我们有一个构想，那 就是“每家每个桌子上都有一台电脑”。那时候大部分电脑和冰箱一样大，所 以可能这个想法听起来有些太乐观了。但是我们相信个人电脑将改变世界。 现在己经实现了。

4. And after 30 years, I’m still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.

4. 30年之后，我仍然像上七年级的时候那样为计算机而着迷。

5. I believe that computers are the most incredible (难以置信的) tool we can use to feed our curiosity （好奇心） and inventiveness, to help us solve problems that even the smartest （最聪明的） people couldn’t solve on their own.

5. 我相信电脑是最不可思议的工具。我们可以用它来满足我们的好奇心， 发挥我们的独创能力，并帮助我们解决最聪明的人都不能独立解决的问题。

6. Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world’s knowledge. They’re helping us build communities （团体、群体） around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us9 no matter where they are.

6. 电脑己经改变了我们的学习方式，为孩子们提供了一个在任何地方都 可以学习世界所有知识的窗口。电脑帮我们围绕我们关注的事物建立“群”， 让我们和那些对我们来说很重要的人保持密切联系，不管他们身处何方。

7. Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it “tap-dancing to work ”. My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever（一直），but what makes me “tap-dance to work” is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting （指纹） or your speech （语音）, or one that can store a lifetime ’s worth of photos ，and they say: “I didn’t know you can do that with a PC!”

7. 像我的朋友沃伦•巴菲特一样，我为自己可以每天做喜欢的事情感到 非常幸运。他把这个称之为“跳着踢踏舞去工作”。我在微软的工作总充满挑 战，但是让我“跳着踢踏舞去工作”的是当我们给人们介绍新产品的时候， 比如一台可以识别指纹或者语音的电脑或者一台能够储存一生的珍贵照片的 电脑，人们惊讶地说：“我无法想象你竟然可以用个人电脑做到这个。”

8. But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity （创造力） and intelligence （智慧） to work to improve （改变） our world. There are still far too many people in the world whose basic needs（基本需要） go unmet. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases （疾病） that are easy to prevent （预防） or treat （治疗） in the developed

world （发达国家）.

8. 但是，除了能用电脑做出很酷的事情之外，我们还可以用其他方式发 挥创造力和智慧以改变世界。世界上还有很多很多人连基本需要都无法被满 足。比如，每年有数百万人死于在发达国家很容易预防和治疗的疾病。

9. I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility （责任）to give back（归还） to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to （致力于）improving （改善、提高） health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.

9. 我相信我自己的巨额财富也使我负有回馈社会的责任。我的妻子梅林 达和我致力于为尽可能多的人改善健康和教育。

10. As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant （心酸的） or tragic （不幸的） than the death of a child anywhere else and that it doesn’t take much to make an immense （巨大的） difference in these children ’s lives.

10. 作为一个父亲，我相信非洲一个孩子的死亡和其他任何地方一个孩子 的死亡一样令人心酸，悲痛不己。让这些孩子的命运彻底改变并不费事。

11. I ’m still very much an optimist （乐观主义者）, and I believe that progress （进步、发展） on even the world's toughest （最棘手的、最坚强的） problems is possible — and it’s happening every day. We’re seeing new drugs （新药）for deadly diseases （致命疾病）, new diagnostic tools（诊断工具）, and new attention paid to （付款给）the health problems in the developing world（发展中国家）.

11. 我仍然是个非常乐观的人，我相信甚至是世界上最棘手的问题也可能 会有进展一一这种事情每天都在发生。我们正在见证在发展中国家，治疗绝 症的新药出现，新的诊断工具投入使用，医学问题受到更多关注。

12. I ’m excited by（因„而激动） the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness （创造力）, creativity （创造性） and willingness （心甘情愿） to solve tough （困难的） problems, were going to make some amazing （令人惊喜的） achievements （成就）in all these areas in my lifetime.

12. 我为医药、教育，当然还有技术发展的诸多前景而欢欣鼓舞。我相信， 凭借人类与生俱来的发明创造能力和不畏艰难、坚韧不拔的品格，在我的有 生之年里我们将在所有这些领域都创造出可喜的成就。

21.And All That Jazz

关乎爵士乐

1. Have you ever heard the expression （说法、表达）, — and all that Jazz ”？ When people say that today, it ’s slang which means much the same thing as et cetera （等等）or “and so forth（等等）. ” You may use it yourself. Jazz, it seems, has had quite a few （相当多） meanings. Through the history （历史）of jazz, it has meant many different kinds of music to many different people.

1. 你听过这种说法吗，“像爵士乐一般，诸如此类的东西”？现在人们把 它用作俚语，意思和“等等”，“以此类推”类似。你自己可能就用过这个词。 爵士乐似乎有多种含义，纵览其发展史，对不同人群来说爵士乐意味着不同 的音乐形式。

2. It ’s interesting to know that jazz was first spelled a different way —jass. At that time, it referred to （被提及） the old New Orleans style of music. This music came from the Negro （黑人的） religious （宗教） songs and songs of celebration （庆典）. One major part of the music was its beat, of course. Another, and sometimes more important part, was the way in which the music was played. It was like a conversation （谈话）. You can’t alwa ys tell what ’s coming next during a talk with some friends. The New Orleans musicians were like that. They took a tune (曲调) and played what came into their minds, just as you say what comes into your mind in a conversation （谈话、对话）.

2. 有趣的是，爵士乐（jazz) 最初拼写为——jass, 它是一种古老的新奥 尔良风格的音乐，发源于黑人的宗教和庆典音乐。其主要特征当然是它独特 的节奏，而另一个特征也许更为重要，那就是像谈话一样的演奏方式。和朋 友聊天时，你不可能总是去想下一个话题是什么。新奥尔良的音乐人们就是 这样演奏的——先定个调，然后演奏出心中涌出音符，就像聊天时随口说出 那些涌入脑中的话。

3. These early musical groups（乐队） were very small in comparison to（与„相比较） the big bands （大乐队）that formed later. At times two rival groups of musicians would stage a “cutting session.” It was a sort of musical fight. Whichever group could outlast the other was the winner. If they both lasted as well, the better group would probably be chosen by the audience （观众、听众）. Of course,

the battle（比赛、战斗） had advertising value too.

3. 较之后来的乐队，早期的音乐组合规模比较小。有时两个互相较量的 乐队会登台进行一场“淘汰赛”，就像音乐擂台，能够唱到最后的乐队就是胜 者。如果不分胜负，就会由观众选出表现更好的乐队。当然，这种擂台赛也 非常具有广告价值。

4. This music later became known as （以„而闻名） Dixieland , a term you have probably heard before. There are different styles of Dixieland. We have mentioned （提到） the New Orleans style, which was popular at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. As the fame of the music spread （传播、扩大） up the Mississippi River, a style called the Chicago style developed. Later, we hear of the New York style. If you get a chance to listen to these types of music carefully, you can hear the difference.

4. 后来这种音乐被称作“迪克西兰爵士乐（Dixieland) ”，这是人们所熟 知的。当然，迪克西兰爵士还有许多不同的风格。上面提到的新奥尔良风格 在十九世纪末和二十世纪初非常流行。当这种音乐风格蜚声密西西比河流域 时，另一种芝加哥风格的爵士乐悄然出现了，后来还有了我们所熟知的纽约 风格。当你静听这些爵士乐时，一定能品味出它们之间的不同。

5. We’ve talked about（谈论某事） the early days of jazz, but just what is it? Generally, it consists of （包括） the beat we mentioned before. It should have some “make it up as you go along” music, too. This is the reason for many arguments （争论） among jazz lovers. When Swing （摇摆乐） came along near the 1930s, we saw big bands playing music that had already （事先） been written out （写出） for them. Some argued that this was not really （不完全是） jazz. At any rate, the King of Swing, Benny Goodman, certainly pleased many people with his big band. His jazz (or Swing) really hit the big time （巨大成功） in 1938. In January of that year, his orchestra （管弦乐队） played a jazz concert in New York’s Carnegie Hall（卡内基音乐厅）. The concert hall usually booked operas （歌剧） and symphonies （交响乐）. On that evening, it was treated to the blare of trumpets （小号） and the crashing, jumping music of the Goodman orchestra. Luckily, the concert was recorded; so it can still be heard.

5. 以上我们谈到了爵士乐的早期发展，但它到底是什么？ 一般来说，爵 士乐应该包含上文提到过的独特节奏，还有那种“一边演奏一边即兴发挥” 的演奏形式。但这也造成了爵士乐迷之间的很多争论。当摇摆乐（Swing) 在二十世纪三十年代出现时，许多大型乐队演奏的音乐是事先创作好的，因此 有人质疑它不是真正的爵士。但不论怎样，班尼•古德曼（BennyGoodman) 的确用他的大型爵士乐队让众多观众获得愉悦的感受，他的爵士（或摇摆乐） 在1938年取得了巨大成功。那年的1月，他的管弦乐队在纽约的卡耐基音乐 厅举行了一场爵士音乐会；通常这座音乐厅只举办歌剧和交响乐音乐会，而 那天晚上，整个音乐厅流淌出小号的嘟嘟声以及古德曼乐队演奏出的强烈而 具跳跃性的音乐。幸运的是，这场音乐会被录了音，直到现在我们仍然能幸 运地欣赏到它。

6. From the Goodman orchestra came many great musicians, some of whom formed their own orchestras. Perhaps two of the best known （最著名的）are Harry James and Gene Krupa. Goodman himself played at the Worlds Fair in Brussels, Belgium, and along

with James and Krupa achieved （获得） life-long fame.

6. 从古德曼乐团走出了许多伟大的音乐人，其中一些还组织了自己的乐 团。他们之中最著名的是哈里•詹姆斯和吉恩•克鲁帕二位。古德曼本人曾 在比利时布鲁塞尔的世界博览会上演奏，与詹姆士和克鲁帕一样获得终身的 盛誉。

7. Now we come to the 1940s，when a music called “BeBop ” was invented. It didn't last too long, but it was fun. This was very strange music, unlike much of what had gone before it. Many of these musicians did not like Swing or Dixieland; so they thought that they had to do things in a completely （完全地） different way. Sometimes the music they played did not really sound like music at all, but at least they were being “different.”

7. 现在，让我们来到二十世纪四十年代。此时一种叫“比波普（BeBop) ” 的爵士乐出现了，尽管它流行的时间不长，但却非常有趣。它曲风独特，与 以前的大不相同。这种类型的音乐人不喜欢摇摆乐或迪克西兰风格，因此他 们决心创造一种完全不同的音乐。有时他们演奏的甚至不能称之为音乐，但 至少他们做到了与众不同。

8. From all these kinds of music, we come to the present. Today we still have Dixieland, and a type of big-band Swing, although that term is not used so much. We have the small groups of jazzmen with us, too. They play the modem jazz that grew from the music of the early 1940s and 1950s. There are many different styles and individuals （个人） playing this kind of jazz today.

8. 经历种种不同的音乐形式，我们来到现代。尽管这些名词已经淡出人 们视线，但今天我们仍然听迪克西兰和大乐队演奏的摇摆乐，在我们身边仍 有许许多多的小型爵士乐队。他们演奏的现代爵士发源于二十世纪四十年代 早期和五十年代的音乐，它形式多样，直到今天仍然有人在演奏。

9. Jazz is an American art form. It is considered （被认为是） art by many, and it developed only in America. In the past few decades （数十年）, it has become popular all over the world. Famous jazz musicians from Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington to Chuck Mangione and Wynton Marsalis have performed all over the world, from Europe to Asia to the Middle East. Jazz has come a long way from the original New Orleans marching music.

9. 爵士是一种纯美国的艺术形式。尽管被普遍认可，但它发展成熟于美 国。在过去的几十年中，它在全世界流行起来，著名的爵士音乐家，从路易 斯•阿姆斯特朗（Louis Armstrong) 、艾灵顿公爵（Duke Ellington) 到查克•曼 卓林（ChuckMangione) 和文顿•马沙利斯（WyntonMarsalis) 等都曾经进行 全球巡演，从欧洲到亚洲，再到中东。现在的爵士乐己经得到了长足的发展， 已不再是最初的新奥尔良风格的进行曲。