英语句子的基本结构

英语句子的基本结构

英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

简单句就是指只含有一个主谓结构的句子。简单句中有五种常见的基本结构,而且在实际运用的过程中,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰,给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰,给句子加上状语进行修饰等,以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变,都只有一个主谓结构。如(划线部分都是句子的附加成份): 划线部分在句中作状语,修饰动词worked) 划线部分在句中作定语,修饰名词student) 划线部分在句中作状语,修饰整个句子)

并列句就是由并列连词所连接起来的两个简单句。常用的并列连词有:and, or, but, so, while, when等。and用作并列连词,连接两个并列句时,可表示并列关系、递进关系、因果关系。or可以表示并列关系,也可表示因果关系,but表示转折关系,so可表示因果关系。while可表示比较或对比,when 则表示时间,相当于and at that time(就在那时)。如:

Work hard, and you will succeed. (and表示因果关系)

Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. (or表示因果关系)

He is old, but he still works as hard as young people. (but表示转折关系)

Mr. Li is generous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. (so表示因果关系) I earn only 50 dollars a week, while she earns 80 dollars. 我一个星期只赚50美元,而她却赚80美元。(while表示比较、对比) (from www.nmet168.com)

I was going to leave home when the telephone rang. (when表示时间,相当于and at that time)

复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中,必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分,而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分,即从句部分。常见的从句有:定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。从句部分一般都有引导词引导这个从句。如:

As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引导一个定语从句)

What he says doesn’t suit what he does. (本句包含两个名词性从句:What he says 是一个主语从句;what he does 是一个宾语从句)

Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引导一个表地点的状语从句)

简单句的五种基本类型

初学写作的时候,应注意把握句子的基本类型,以便写出符合英语语法和表达习惯的句子。句子的基本结构有如下几类:

1. 主语+不及物动词

不及物动词的后面不接宾语,但很多时候,这个不及物动词有副词或别的状语修饰。有的动词如果不加状语修饰,句子的意思就可能不完整。如:

Mr. Li stayed. → Mr. Li stayed until the meeting was over.

She lived. → She lived in the country. (from www.nmet168.com)

2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

在这类结构中,可用作表语的有分词、形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等。如:

We are determined to compete for the first prize in the match.

She was too tired.

Mr. Li is a middle school teacher.

It’s me.

The light was out.

Your father is in his office.

3. 主语+及物动词+宾语

可以用作宾语的通常有名词、代词等。如:

I saw a film yesterday.

I didn’t meet him at the meeting.

4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

这类结构中的间接宾语和直接宾语又统称为双宾语。常接双宾语的动词有:give, pass, send, teach, buy, bring, show等。直接宾语和间接宾语的位置通常可以互相交换。当直接宾语(指物的宾语)位于间接宾语(指人的宾语)前面时,间接宾语的前面通常有一个介词for或to。如(from www.nmet168.com):

Mother bought me a watch. →Mother bought a watch for me.

She showed us her new dress. →She showed her new dress to us.

5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补

可以用作宾补的词语有形容词、分词、副词等。如:

I heard him singing in her room.

We must keep our rivers clean.

任何句子都是在上述的这些句子的基础上变化而来的。所以,我们要注意把握这些基本的句型结构,写出完整而又符合规则的句子。

2009-07-17 13:45英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:

S十V主谓结构

S十V十F主系表结构

S十V十O主谓宾结构

S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构

S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构

说明:S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾语;O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语;C=宾语补足语

五个基本句式详细解释如下:

1.S十V句式

在此句式中,V是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.)。例如:

He runs quickly.

他跑得快。

They listened carefully.

他们听得很仔细。

He suffered from cold and hunger.

他挨冻受饿。

China belongs to the third world country.

中国属于第三世界国家。

The gas has given out.

煤气用完了。

My ink has run out.

我的钢笔水用完了。

2.S十V十P句式

在此句式中,V是系动词(link v.),常见的系动词有:look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall ill/asleep,

如:

He is older than he looks.

他比看上去要老。

He seen interested in the book.

他似乎对这本书感兴趣。

The story sounds interesting.

这个故事听起来有趣。

The desk feels hard.

书桌摸起来很硬。

The cake tastes nice.

饼尝起来很香。

The flowers smell sweet and nicc.

花闻起来香甜。

You have grown taller than before.

你长得比以前高了。

He has suddenly fallen ill.

他突然病倒了。 stand/sit still,become,turn等。例

He stood quite still.

他静静地站看。

He becomes a teacher when he grew up.

他长大后当了教师。

He could never turn traitor to his country.

他永远不会背叛他的祖国。

注意:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO句式,例如:

He looked me up and down.

他上下打量我。

He reached his hand to feel the elephant.

他伸出手来摸象。

They are tasting the fish.

他们在品尝鱼。

They grow rice in their home town.

他们在家乡种水稻。

He’s got a chair to sit on.

他有椅子坐。

Please turn the sentence into English.

请把这个句于泽成英语。

3.S十V十O句式

在此句式中,V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。例如:

I saw a film yesterday.

我昨天看了一部电影。

Have you read the story?

你读过这个故事吗?

They found their home easily.

他们很容易找到他们的家。

They built a house last year.

他们去年建了一所房子。

They‘ve put up a factory in the village.

他们在村里建了一座工厂。

They have taken good care of the children.

这些孩子他们照看得很好。

You should look after your children well.

你应该好好照看你的孩子。

4.S十V十O1十O2句式

在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等。例如: He gave me a book/a book to me.

他给我一本书。

He brought me a pen/a pen to me.

他带给我一枝钢笔。

He offered me his seat/his seat to me.

他把座位让给我。

注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:

Mother bought me a book/a book for me.

妈妈给我买了一本书。

He got me a chair/a chair for me.

他给我弄了一把椅子。

Please do me a favor/a favor for me.

请帮我一下。

He asked me a question/a question of me.

他问我个问题。

注意,下边动词只有一种说法:

They robbed the old man of his money.

他们抢了老人的钱。

He‘s warned me of the danger.

他警告我注意危险。

The doctor has cured him of his disease.

医生治好了他的病。

We must rid the house of th erats.

我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。

They deprived him of his right to speak.

他们剥夺了他说话的权利。

5.S十V十O十C句式

在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。

常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。

They made the girl angry.

他们使这个女孩生气了。

They found her happy that day. 他们发现那天她很高兴。

I found him out.

我发现他出去了。

I saw him in.

我见他在家。

They saw a foot mark in the sand. 他们发现沙地上有脚印。

They named the boy Charlie.

他们给这个男孩起名为查理。

I saw him come in and go out.

我见他进来又出去。

They felt the car moving fast.

他们感到汽车行驶得很快。

I heard the glass broken just now. 我刚才听到玻璃碎了。

He found the doctor of study closed to him. 他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。


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