英语语法(经典,全)

英语语法

反意疑问句

一、 反意疑问句的构成

前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简单的问句。

前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定。

You have been to Beijing, haven’t you?

He hasn’t been to Shanghai, has he?

二、 反意疑问句的运用

1. 陈述句部分的主语是名词时,反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。

• Your brother has gone to the library, hasn’t he?

2. 陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that 时,反意疑问句的主语用it 代替;指示代词是

these, those时,反意疑问句的主语用they 代替。

• That isn’t a useful book, is it?

• These are important reading materials, aren’t they?

3. 陈述句部分是I am…时,反意疑问句部分通常要用aren’t I;如陈述句部分的主语是

I am not时,反意疑问句部分通常要用am I

• I’m late for the meeting, aren’t I?

• I’m not doing well, am I?

4. 陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时,

反意疑问句部分的主语用it

• Everything has gone wrong today, hasn’t it?

5. 陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表

示人的不定代词时,反意疑问句部分的主语多用they ,但也可用he

• Nobody came when I was out, did they?

6. 陈述部分的主语是one 时,反意疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用one , 在非正式场合

用you

One should be happy in this situation, shouldn't one/ shouldn't you?

7. 陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的have 时,反意疑问句部分可用have 或do 引导,但

当have 不表示所有含义时,附加疑问句必须用do 引导。

• You have a good friend, haven't you / don't you?

• We had a good time in the city, didn't we?

8. 陈述部分是 “had better +动词原形 时,疑问部分用“had\ hadn’t +主语”

• You’d better go to school now, hadn’t you ?

9. 陈述部分为used to 时,反意疑问句部分动词可用used to 或did

• Your father used to drink a lot, usedn't he / didn't he?

10. 陈述部分动词为“wish”时,反意疑问句部分用may

• I wish to go there with you, may I?

11. 陈述部分有hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, never, nobody, nowhere

等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。

• You seldom go to visit your parents, do you?

12. 陈述句部分的动词或形容词带有否定前缀或后缀时,反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构。 • It’s impossible for him to make such a mistake, isn’t it?

13. 陈述部分为ought to 时,反意疑问句部分用should 或ought to 形式

• He ought to go by train, shouldn't / oughtn't he?

14. 陈述部分带有情态动词need, dare时,反意疑问句部分一般由need, dare 等构成 • The boy needn't make such a loud noise, need he?

• 但当need, dare 作行为动词时,则加助动词来构成反意疑问句部分。

15. 陈述句含有情态动词must 时:

1) must 表示“必须”,反意疑问句部分为mustn’t或needn’t

They must hand in their papers right now, mustn't they?

2) Must 表示推测“一定,肯定” ,反意疑问句部分与must 后面的动词呼应

You must be joking, aren’t you?

He must be ill, isn’t he ?

3) must 推测过去的动作时,反意疑问句部分的助动词用did 或have, 而对过去的状态

推测,反意疑问句部分的be 动词用was:

She must have finished her work, hasn’t she ? / didn’t she ?

4) must 表示" 有必要" 时,反意疑问句部分用needn't

• He must go now , needn't he?

5) 当陈述部分为mustn't 表示" 禁止" 时,反意疑问句部分用must

• You mustn't smoke in the room, must you?

16. 陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时,反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”

结构

• There are some bananas in the basket, aren’t there?

17. 动词不定式,动名词短语或其他短语作陈述句部分的主语时,反意疑问句的主语通

常用it

• To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?

18. 祈使句构成反意疑问句时:

1) Let’s 开头的祈使句疑问部分用shall we

• Let’s go to see the film together, shall we ?

2) Let us 开头的用 will you

• Let us go to see the film together, will you?

3) Let me 开头的用will you或may I

• Let me have a try,will you/may I?

4) 其他动词引导的祈使句,如果陈述部分为肯定,我们可以根据语气的不同选用will

you ,can you,would you,could you,won‘t you,can’t you,表达委婉的语气。

• Come here please,will you? Do it now,won‘t you?

• 如果陈述部分为否定形式,疑问部分只能用肯定的形式。

• Don't take the book away,will you?

• Don't open the window,will you?

19. 感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定式,并用be 的一般现在时形式。

• What a foolish child (he is), isn’t he?

20. 反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时 :

1) 陈述句部分是主从复合句时,反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的主语和

动词保持一致。

• This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isn’t it?

在宾语从句中,如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect 等) + 宾语从句”, 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致,并要注意否定转移。

• I don’t think you have heard of him before, have you?

• 当think 等这些动词的主语不是第一人称时,反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主

句保持一致。

• Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesn’t she?

三、 反意疑问句的回答

根据事实回答:无论问题的提法如何,事实是肯定的,就用yes ,事实是否定的,就用no 。 特别注意:陈述句部分是否定结构,反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时,回答yes 或no 与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes 要译成“不”,no 要译成“是”。

---He likes playing football, doesn’t he?

---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。

---His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she?

---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。/ 是的,她没参加。

四、 特殊形式的反意疑问句

1. 陈述部分与附加部分同时都是肯定或否定,则表示说话人怀疑、嘲讽的态度。 • Your car is outside, is it?

• He doesn't like his job, doesn't he?

2. 有时,反意疑问句部分主语为you, 与陈述句主语不同,此时,反意疑问句相当于How

about you? What do you think of it? 其谓语也跟主句谓语一致。

• I hope they won't have to wait all day, don't you?

倒装句

一、 全部倒装

⏹ 将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前

⏹ 通常用于一般现在时和一般过去时

⏹ 常见结构有:

1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常为be, come, go, lie, run等表

示来去或状态的动词。

⏹ Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。

⏹ Here is your letter. 你的信。

2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语为表示运动的动词。

⏹ Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。

⏹ Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。

⏹ 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 ⏹ Here he comes. 他来了。

⏹ Away they went. 他们走开了。

二、 部分倒装

1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no

way, not until… 等。

⏹ Never have I seen such a performance.

⏹ Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

⏹ Not until引导主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装

⏹ Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

⏹ 如否定词不在句首不倒装。

⏹ I have never seen such a performance.

⏹ The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

2. 以否定词开头的一些固定搭配结构,如Not only…but also, Hardly…when,

Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等

⏹ Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

⏹ Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

⏹ No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

⏹ 只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于

句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列主语,不可用倒装结构,如Not only you but also I am fond of music.

3. so, neither, nor表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装

⏹ Tom can speak French. So can Jack.

⏹ If you won't go, neither will I.

⏹ 当so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,意为“的确如此”,不可用倒

装结构。

⏹ Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

⏹ — It's raining hard.

— So it is.

4. Only 放在句首如果修饰的是主语之外的其它成分,则句子要倒装

⏹ Only in this way can you learn English well.

⏹ Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

⏹ 如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。

⏹ Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.

5. as/though引导的让步从句中省略as/though时,必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副

词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。但需注意:

⏹ 1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。

⏹ 2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义

动词一起放在主语之前。

⏹ Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

6. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。

⏹ So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

7. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:

⏹ May you all be happy.

8. 在虚拟语气条件句中,从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were,

had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。

⏹ Were I you, I would try it again.

从句

1. 名词性从句

1)主语从句

2)宾语从句

3)表语从句

4)同位语从句

2. 定语从句

3. 状语从句

主语从句

• 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语

it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

• That she was chosen made us very happy.

• Whether he will come is not clear.

• It is not important who will go.

• It is still unknown which team will win the match.

1. 用it 作形式主语的结构

• (1) It is +名词+从句

It is a fact that …

It is an honor that

• (2) it is +形容词+从句

It is natural that…

It is strange that…

• (3) it is +不及物动词+从句

It seems that…

It happened that…

(4) it +过去分词+从句

It is reported that…

It has been proved that…

• It 作形式主语和it 引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that 。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。

• It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.

• It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.

• It is in the morning that the murder took place.

• It is John that broke the window.

2. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

(1) if 引导的主语从句

(2) It is said / reported, …结构中的主语从句

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (√)

That President Bush will visit our school next week is said. (X)

(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√)

That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (X)

(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (√)

Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)

(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (√)

Is that will rain in the evening likely? (X)

宾语从句

• 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)

或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)

I heard that be joined the army.

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句

She did not know what had happened.

I wonder whether you can change this note for me.

(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句

She told me that she would accept my invitation.

2. 作介词的宾语

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.

3. 作形容词的宾语

I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.

• That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:

anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, etc.

4. It 可以作为形式宾语

It 可以作为形式宾语,而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。

We heard it that she would get married next month.

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive, etc.

这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that 引导的宾语从句。 I admire their winning the match. (√)

I admire that they won the match. (X)

6. 不可用that 从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that 从句“结构中,常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。

He impressed the manager as an honest man. (√)

He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (X)

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定词,一般把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。

I don’t think this dress fits you well.

表语从句

• 作表语的名词性从句,在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。 • 接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that 常可省略。

• 常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。

• The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

• But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

• The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

同位语从句

1. 同位语从句的功能

对名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that 引导

The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that 代替先行词,同时在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位

语从句中的that 是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述)其性质

或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。

The news that he told me is about Tom’s new decision.(定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语)

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(同位语从句,that 在句中不作任何成分)

定语从句

• 用来说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定

语作用的句子叫作定语从句。

1. 关系代词引导的定语从句

• who, whom, which, that, whose (=of whom /of which)

• This is the detective who came from London.

• The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.

• The desk whose leg is broken is very old.

• This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.

• 关系代词的用法

(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代

词,关系代词一般只用that ,不用which 。

All the people that are present burst into tears.

(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修

饰,关系代词常用that, 不用which, who或whom 。

(3) 非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that, 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.

(4) which 还可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概

念。在这种从句中,which 可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人。

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

(5) that 可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who )仅用于限制性定语从

句中。

(6) which 可作表语,可指人或物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征.品性

或才能的人。Which 引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。

(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各

个成员,则用who 。

(8) 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that 。

The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应

该用 who 或whom ,不用 which 。

Is there anyone here who will go with you?

• “介词+关系代词”结构

(1) “介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。介词可以是 in, on, about,

from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom 或 which 。

(2) from where为“介词+关系副词”结构,也可以引导定语从句。

We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.

(3) listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从

句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。

This is the boy whom she has taken care of.

2. 关系副词引导的定语从句

• 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。

• 关系副词when, where, why 的含义相当于" 介词+ which" 结构,因此常常和" 介词+

which" 结构交替使用。

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

• that 有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why 引导定语从句表示时间、地点或

原因,在 that 引导的这种定语从句中,that 可以省去。

• His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

• He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

3. as 在定语从句中的用法

1) 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

a) as多与such 或the same连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

b) as 可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which 。

The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

c) the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。

2) as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面、中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。

As is expected, the England team won the football match.

The earth runs around the sun, as is known

4. 关系代词that 的用法

• 不用that 的情况

1) 引导非限定性定语从句时。

2) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

• 只能用that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

1) 在there be 句型中,只用that ,不用which 。

2) 在不定代词anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用

that ,不用which 。

3) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that 。

4) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that 。

5) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

状语从句

• 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地

点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。

1. 时间状语从句

• 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

• 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant,

immediately, directly, no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when

• Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2. 地点状语从句

• 常用引导词:where

• 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere

3.

• Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 原因状语从句 常用引导词:because, since, as 特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that,

inasmuch as, insomuch as

• Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

• The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn

more.

4. 目的状语从句

• 常用引导词:so that, in order that

• 特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end

that

• The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more

clearly.

5. 结果状语从句

• 常用引导词:so…that, such…that,

• 特殊引导词:to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that

• To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.

6. 条件状语从句

• 常用引导词:if, unless,

• 特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that,

on condition that

• You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

• Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7. 让步状语从句

• 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though

• 特殊引导词: as / though (要倒装), while (用在句首), no matter…, in spite of the fact

that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

• Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

8. 比较状语从句

• 常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

• 特殊引导词:the more…the more… ; just as…, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no…more

than; not A so much as B

• The house is three times as big as ours.

• The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

9. 方式状语从句

• 常用引导词:as, as if / as though (多用虚拟), how

• 特殊引导词:the way

• She behaved as if she were the boss.

• Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

Non-finite verb非限定性动词

I. 概念

非限定动词: 即动词的非限定形式, 包括

不定式 infinitive

现在分词 –ing participle

过去分词 -ed participle

1. 2. 结构形式

简单形式: to + v., v

to write, to buy

其它: to be writing

to have written

to have been written

否定形式: 在to + v./ v前加not

not to write

1.3. 不定式的补足成分

及物动词的不定式后须带宾语,

如: to buy me a gift

to send me a book

系动词的不定式后须带补语

如: to get warm

to become strong

不及物动词的不定式后可带状语,

如:to snow heavily

to live with his son

II. 不定式的句法功能

1. 主语

To develop agriculture is very important.

习惯上不定式作主语时通常以先行it 取代, 不定式后置.

It is our duty to offer good service.

It’s very kind of you to have done me a great favour.

2. 主语补语

主语与补语均为不定式. 两者为条件与结果的关系.

To protect forests is to keep natural balance.

To promise too much is to promise nothing.

当主语为:aim, business, hope, idea, job, mistake, plan , suggestion或what-分句时, 不定

式充当的补语起说明作用.

His ambition is to become a physicist.

What the guide suggested is to make a fire.

3. 宾语

当动词为agree, decide, forget, manage, mean, prefer, promise, refuse, pretend, learn, offer , remember, try, want 等要带不定式作宾语.

I don’t mean to say we are perfect.

She preferred to live in the countryside.

she refused to attend the ceremony.

如果不定式结构作宾语时后面有补语, 要用先行的it 作形式宾语, 不定式放到补语后. I think it possible to complete her essay in two week.

I will make it my business to help her.

动词不定式结构之前还可以带疑问词.

Have you decided when to go?

I wonder whether to invite him or not?

I don’t know whom to rely on?

4. 宾语补足语

I advice him to send for a doctor at once.

We warned him not to do that again.

He expected his son to be a dentist.

但在feel, hear, see, listen, notice, watch, make, let, have 等之后, 不定式不带to.

He heard the clock strike twelve.

We’ll have Tom repair the machine.

在被动态中, 随后的不定式须带to.

The clock was heard to strike twelve.

The boy was seen to climb up the tree.

5. 状语

目的:She worked hard to catch up with her.

He did a lot of odd jobs ( in order )to get the money for higher education. 结果: He is so careless as to get everything confused.

He is too tired to go any further.

原因: He is greatly excited to hear the news.

She seemed surprised to meet me.

6. 名词修饰语

I have a lot of things to deal with this week.

=…which I must deal with

She has 7 kids to look after.

=whom she has to look after.

动词的实施者可以用for 来引导.

Is there anything urgent for me to do ?

The temperature isn’t high enough for the metal to be melted.

7. 同位语

Our original plan, to spend the night in London, had to be cancelled.

His ambition, to be a doctor, was never fulfilled.

III. 不带to 的不定式

动词make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel 等所带的复合宾语的不定式不

带to

She noticed an old man come out of the building.

I will have him do what I say.

help:接不带to 的不定式表示其动作由句子主语执行

He offered to help carry her suitcase.

但表示”有助于...”时, 后面多带to

The pills will help you to sleep.

had better, had rather…than等句型中.

You’d better stay at home.

I had rather work with Jane than with Mary.

用于一些习惯语中.

The house is not what we wanted, but we must make do.

She made believe she didn’t hear her mother calling.

I hear say that she will come.

We all have heard tell of Robin Hood.

Don’t let drop a word about the secret.

When he let go of her hand, he fell down.

It would be a pity to let slip such an opportunity.

IV. 不定式的时态

不定式本身不表示具体的时间, 而是表示与句中谓语所表示时间的先后或同时关系.

一般式表示与句中谓语同时发生的行为, 可以表示现在\过去\将来.

I was glad to receive your latter.

She will be happy to see you again.

进行体强调动作的进行性.

She pretended to be listening attentively.

They are said to be building a bridge there.

完成体表示动作发生在谓语之前.

The city is said to have developed into a cultural center.

完成进行体表示动作在谓语之前已经进行了一段时间了.

she seems to have been suffering from headaches.

v. 不定式的语态

不定式的语态取决于不定式与逻辑主语的关系, 如逻辑主语是动作的执行者, 采用主

动形式, 否则用被动形式.

I don’t like to disturb a person in his work.

He hope to be invited to the party.

We expect the library to be built this year.

动作的执行者由for 引导, 不定式用主动式. 如:

The essay seems difficult for us to understand.

He spoke too low for the students to hear him distinctly.

For 也可以引导there be 的不定式结构. 如:

When we arrived, it was too late for there to be any taxis.

It is impossible for there ever to be a conflict between our two families.

不定式的执行者由by 引导, 不定式用被动式, 如:

The question to be considered by us is of great importance.

There are still serious difficulties to be overcome by you./ for you to overcome.

Have you any problems to be solved by us?

如动作执行者不出现, 不定式的主动形式代替被动形式.

It is a hard nut to crack.

The question is which to select.

在there be 结构中, 作定语的不定式可以是主动或被动形式, 没什么差别.

There is nothing to fear/ to be feared.

There is only one thing to do/ to be done.

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法

1、表示现在或将来情况的虚拟条件句 ⏹ 动词形式为:

条件从句的谓语 主句谓语

相当于过去时的形式 would+动词原形

⏹ 条件从句表示一个假想的与事实相反的情况,或不太可能发生的情况 If we had enough money, we would buy a computer. (But we haven’t.) If she stayed another day, he would drive her home. (But she wants to go home now.) 在条件从句中,如果谓语动词是be ,一般要用were ,特别是在较正式的文体中: ⏹ If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn’t be so anxious.

⏹ If I were you, I would take that job.

⏹ 但口语中,在第一、三人称后,也可使用was :

⏹ If I was rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.

⏹ 但在第一人称后,还是用were 好,尤其是在if I were you (in your position)中: ⏹ If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that car.

需要注意的特殊情况

① 主句中有时可用 could, might, should 或 ought to 构成谓语:

⏹ If he were here, he could help us.

⏹ If he failed he ought to try again.

⏹ 从句中可用 would 表示“意愿” If Ann would admit this I shouldn’t quarrel with her. 从句中可用 were to 或 was to 构成谓语,表示将来万一发生的情况: If you were to speak to him, it would carry more weight.

④ 从句中可用should 构成谓语,这时主句可用虚拟语气,也可用陈述语气:

⏹ If it should be necessary, I could come at six.

⏹ If she would be interested, I’ll phone her.

⑤ if 可能被省略,这时从句要用倒装语序:

⏹ Were she in charge, she would do things differently. (= If she were in charge)

⏹ Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. (= If you changed your mind) ⑥ 从句可用 “If it were not for…” 这种句型,表示“若不是……”

⏹ If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless.

⏹ Were it not for your help, I wouldn’t be doing so well.

⑦ 一些特殊的不完整的条件句:

⏹ Suppose he were lost.

⏹ Imagine your child played truant.

2、表示过去情况的虚拟条件句 ⏹ 动词形式为:

条件从句的谓语

相当于过去时的形式

⏹ 表示与事实完全相反的过去情况

⏹ If anything had happened, he would have let her know. (Actually nothing happened.) ⏹ If I had been Jane, I wouldn’t have answered that question.

需要注意的地方

① 主句中可用 could 、might 或should 构成谓语:

⏹ If she had been here, she could have met my sister.

⏹ If I had gotten up earlier this morning, I might not have been late. If he had apologized, you should have done so too. 省略if 时,从句要改为倒装结构: If I had known your address, I would have written to you before. 主句谓语 would+动词原形

⏹ Had I known your address, I would have written to you before.

③ 从句中可用 If it had not been for 表示“要不是有”:

⏹ If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest.

⏹ Had it not been for the doctor’s care, I wouldn’t have recovered so soon.

3、错综时间条件句

① 条件句中的动词形式多是一般情况,但也有例外情况:

⏹ If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad.

⏹ If it had been raining this morning, we would have stayed home.

② 有时主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不同:

⏹ If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.

⏹ If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now.

4、含蓄条件句

⏹ 在不少情况下,句子不一定包含一个条件从句,但意思和条件句差不多,这时谓语

仍可用虚拟语气:

⏹ To hear him talk, you would think he was Prime Minister. (= If you could hear him talk…) ⏹ But for his pension, he would starve. (= Were it not for his pension…)

⏹ Without your help, I couldn’t have achieved all this. (= Had it not been for your help…)

二、虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用

1、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用

① wish 后的宾语从句

⏹ 一类用相当于过去式的形式,指现在的情况:

⏹ I wish we had more money.

⏹ 动词be 都用were 的形式:

⏹ I wish (that) she were here.

⏹ 另一类用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去的情况,常常有懊悔的意思:

⏹ I wish I had been here yesterday.

⏹ 若宾语指将来的情况,谓语用would/could/might构成,接近一种客气的请求: ⏹ I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more.

⏹ I wish I could do something for you in return.

⏹ She sincerely wished that she might do something to comfort him.

② would rather/sooner 后的宾语从句:

⏹ 谓语用相当于过去式的形式来表示现在或将来的情况: I would rather she sat next to me. 也可用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去的情况: I’d rather he hadn’t told me about it.

⏹ had rather 和 prefer 后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气表示“宁愿”:

⏹ I had rather you did it.

⏹ I prefer that she drive.

⏹ 在 if only 和 suppose 后用虚拟语气表示惋惜:

⏹ If only I had listened to your advice!

⏹ Suppose your father saw you what would he say?

③ demand, insist, ask 等动词后的宾语从句:

⏹ 用“(should)+动词原形”构成谓语

⏹ He urges that the restrictions be lifted.

⏹ The doctor advised that he change his job.

⏹ They recommend that this tax be abolished.

2、虚拟语气在主语、表语、同位语从句中的运用

① 在主语从句中通常使用“(should+动词原形)”:

⏹ It’s vital that we be present.

⏹ It is important that this mission not fail.

⏹ It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request. (含“竟然”的意思)

② 在表语从句中多用动词原形:

⏹ His sole requirement was that the system work.

⏹ Our decision is that the school remain closed.

⏹ Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.

⏹ 在同位语从句中用动词原形或带should 的形式: They were faced with the demand that his tax be abolished. The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. They expressed the wish that she accept the award.

3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用

① 在“be+形容词”后的状语从句:

⏹ 谓语用“should+动词原形”

⏹ I’m surprised that he should feel lonely.

⏹ He was amazed that they should express indignation at this matter.

⏹ They were insistent that we be ready.

② as if 和 as though 引起的状语从句:

⏹ 动词形式和wish 后的宾语从句中的谓语形式差不多

⏹ He acts as if he knew you.

⏹ She treats me as if I were a stranger.

⏹ We feel as though we had witnessed the whole thing.

⏹ 当主句谓语为look, seem, taste, smell 时,从句的谓语用陈述语气:

⏹ It looks as if it is going to rain.

⏹ It seems as if we shall have to walk.

⏹ This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.

⏹ The milk smells as if it is sour.

⏹ 某些让步从句和目的从句中谓语可用虚拟语气: Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity. Try as I would, I could not prevail upon him to follow my advice. They left early for fear that they would meet him.

⏹ They removed the prisoner in order that he would not disturb the proceedings any

further.

三、虚拟语气的一些其他用法

1. 在表示祝愿的话语中:

⏹ God bless you!

⏹ God be praised.

⏹ Long live the country!

⏹ Heaven help us!

⏹ May you have a long and happy life!

2. 一些固定说法:

⏹ So be it. 就这样吧。

⏹ Far be it from me to spoil the fun. 我才不想扫大家的兴呢。

⏹ Suffice it to say that we won. 我们胜利了,说这一句就够了。

3. It’s (high) time 后的从句中:

⏹ I think it’s time you went to bed.

⏹ It’s high time you bought a new car.

4. would rather/sooner + 不定式

⏹ I would rather be a miner than a bank clerk.

⏹ She would rather go by car.

⏹ If she had had a chance, she would rather have lived 100 years ago.

5.

③ 某些成语本身就是虚拟语气 as it were would think would have thought

④ if need be

⑤ (who/what) should…but… “原来是”

⏹ He is an adult, as it were.

⏹ Anyone would think he owns the place, the way he talks!

⏹ Who would have thought of such a thing!

⏹ I will come if need be.

⏹ Who should come in but his wife!

The coherence of subject and verb主谓一致精练与解析

1.More than one person here ____ with SARS.

A. has been infected B. have been infected

C. has been infecting D. have been infecting

2. One or perhaps more books _____ missing.

A. is B. are C. has been D. have

3.An expert, together with some assistants, ____ to help in this operation.

A. was sent B. were sent C. is sending D. are sending

4.The police ____ the black in winter.

A. wears B. wear C. put on D. puts on

5.The number of students that you are teaching ____ the life of the school.

A. are B. is C. were D. be

6. To get up early and to go to sleep early ____ good for your health.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

7. Last term, more students than one _______ for cheating.

A. were punished B. is punished

C. was punished D. will punish

8. What they need _____ more sailors.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

答案与解析

由more than one 修饰单数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数

又如:More than one man was injured in the car crash.

More than one house has been broken down.

由or 连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与靠近它的

主语一致。

如: Are you or she to deliver the speech?

Was she or you attending the ceremony ?

由 with ,together with,along with,rather than,no less than,as well as, but, besides ,except 等连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词单复数形式应与前一个相一致。

又如:Nobody but Jack and Rose was against the action.

I, rather than you, am eager for the proposal.

英语中,一些表示总称意义的名词,如:police ,people ,cattle 等作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。

又如: Some people spend a lot of time chatting on line.

Cattle are raised here by the farmers to improve their living standard.

the number of+复数名词作主语时,谓语用单数。a number

of +复数名词作主语时,谓语用复数。

又如:The number of private cars is increasing in Nanjing.

A number of essays have been published in this magazine.

由and 连接两个抽象名词,包括两个不定式、两个动名词作主语,若指同一件事或一个概念事,谓语动词用单数形式。

又如:Whether to go on or return is not decided yet.

Time and tide waits for no man.

More +复数名词 +than one +和 more than one +单数名词的意义相同,均表示“不只一个”,但前者用作复数,后者用作单数。

又如:More patients than one were rescued.

=More than one patient was rescued.

名词从句作主语时,通常表示单数概念,谓语动词常用单数, 但所指内容是复数意义时,谓语动词用复数。本句从表语more people 可以得知主语what we need指复数内容。 又如:What we need is more money.

What he needs are books on magic show.

What she says and what she does do not agree.


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