初中英语语法代词复习讲解

初中英语语法代词复习讲解代词是代替名词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、 指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词等。 一. 人称代词 人称代词起代表人和事物的作用，有人称、数和格的变化。 人称代词的形式: 主格: 单数 I 、 you 、 he 、 she 、 it 复数 we 、you 、they 宾格: 单数 me 、you 、him 、her 、 it 复数 us 、 you 、them 1、作主语（用主格） ： She is a teacher(作主语) We love our country. It is my book. 注意： 1）人称代词主格单数 he.she 和 it 的复数形式相同， 、 都是 they,宾格形式也相同， them。 为 2） 、主格代词（I,she 等）一般不单独使用，也不用于带 not 的简短回答中，这种情况 下往往用宾格代词。 ——Who did it? ——Me/Not me. 3） 永远要大写，无论在句前还是在句中。 、I 2、作宾语（用宾格） 1)、作及物动词的宾语。 Xiao Li helped me with my lessons. We all know her. 2)、介词宾语。 He had a talk with me this month. Please look at it. 3、作表语。比较正式的场合用主格，口语中用宾格。 ---Whos is knocking at the door? ---It’s me. Oh，It’s you. 4. 人 称 代 词 在 than 之 后 与 其 他 人 或 事 物 进 行 比 较 时 ， 用 主 格 和 宾 格 都 可 以 。 Jack is older than her. Xiao Li is older than I am. 5.人称代词在句中并列使用时，一般的顺序为:可以代替不可数名词。 That 替代特定的、但不同一的事物，既可以代替可数名词单数，又可以代替不可数名 词。 One 替代一个不确定的、泛指的人或物，只替代可数名词单数。 Yestoday I lost my pen,but I’ve found it. Yestoday I lost my pen,but now I’ve bought one . My seat is next to that of my teacher. B、修饰语的不同 It 不能带任何修饰成分 One 可以有 the. This.that.which.each 等修饰 C、复数不同 It ----them that-----those one-----ones 二. 物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词， 形容词性 my 、your 、his 、her 、 its 、our 、 your 、 their 名词性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs 1、形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，在句中作定语。例如： I saw it with my eyes. Our English teacher is a beautiful girl. 2、名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中作主语、宾语和表语。 Her dress is green.Mine is blue.(作主语) --- Is this English-book yours? --- No,It’s his. (作表语)I lost my pen. May I use yours? Your bike is different from his. (作宾语) 注意： 1） its 与 it’s 不能混淆 、 it’s = it is 或 it has 2） 、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然都译成“„„的” ，但形容词性物主 代词只能作定语，后面需有名词，名词性物主代词不能用在名词之前，名词性物主代词= 形 容词性物主代词+名词 Mary’ hair is longer than mine.(my hair). Her bike is different from ours. 3）.s a doctor. 作主语同位语时，可放主语之后也可放句末。 She taught her English herself. She herself told me the news. 2)、和宾语同位 You’d better ask the doctor herself. 4.要牢记反身代词与及物动词构成的固定搭配:注意： enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to… (随便吃/喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学) look oneself （ 照顾自己） come to oneself （苏醒过来） wash oneself (自己洗澡) 5.反身代词常和介词构成习惯用语， by oneself for oneself 独自地 say to oneself 自言自语 among themselves 他们之间 6.反身代词不能单独作主语。 Myself did it. (错) I myself did it. (对) 四. 指示代词 指示代词是用来指代上下文中出现的人或事的代词。 单数 this， that， it， such , same 复数 these， those such same 1. 在句中起名词作用，作主语、宾语、表语；也可起形容词作用，作定语。 This is an apple. That’s a good idea. 主语 I like this and he likes that. Will you tell me all about that. 宾语和介词宾语 The reason is this, 表语 These bags are very heavy. Who will talk with that man. 定语 2.指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人， That is my teacher. (对) 那是我的老师。 that 作主语，指人） （ He is going to marry this girl. (对) 他要和这个姑娘结婚。 （this 作限定词） She is going to marry this. (错) （this 作宾语时不能指人） I bought this. (对)我买这个。(this 指物，可作宾语) 3.this 和 these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和 those 则指时间和 空间上较远的事物或人. I want this one,not that one. This is a pen and that is a pencil. We are busy these days. In those days the workers had a hard time. 4. 有时 that 和 those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和 these 则是指下面将要讲到的事物. I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. He was ill yesterday .I am sorry to hear that. Tell the children to do like this: put up this stick… What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English. 5. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用 that 指代前文同类的不可数名词，those 代 替前文同类的复数可数名词。用 the one 指代与前文同类的单数可数名词。例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai. The boxes are heavier than those on the desk. The population of China is large than that of Japan. The weather in summer in Beijing is cooler than that in Shanghai. 6. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 7、That 和 those 可作定语从句的先行词，但 this 和 these 不能，同时，在作先行词时， 只有 those 可指人，试比较： He admired that which looked beautiful. (对) 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 He admired those who looked beautiful. (对) 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。 （those 指人） 8.it 指人时也可作为指示代词看待。 Who is it? It’s me. Oh,It’s you, Zhang Ling. 9.such 和 same 也是指示代词。他们的单数、复数形式相同，在句中可作主语、宾语、 表语和定语。 Such are the results.(主) The same may be said of his sister.(主) His mistake is not such that he can’t overcome it.(表语) Our coats are the same. (表语) Take from the bag such as you need.(宾语) My sister cut the cake and her child did the same. (宾语) I have met many such people.(定语) We go to the same school. (定语) 注意：1） 、such 作定语时，如果名词前有不定冠词，则 such 放在不定冠词前面。 I have never seen such a beautiful place before. 2） 、在 same 之前，一定要用定冠词 the。 五. 不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词， 具有名词和形容词性质， 并有可数和 不可数之分， 没有确定的对象而有非确定的特指意义。 在句中可作主语、 表语、 宾语和定语。 现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下： 1. some 与 any 1)some any 相当于名词和形容词，作定语时均可以代替可数名词和不可数名词。some 多用于肯定句，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。表示“一些，几个” 。作形容词时，后面可 以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。 Some of the students are cleaning the library. . Some rice in the bag has been sold out. Some of the boys are good at swimming. any 多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中，表示“一些，任何” ，在句中用作主语、 宾语、定语。用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。 Any of you can do it. Have you got any colour chalk? Are there any stamps in your drawer? 2） 、if 引导的条件句中，用 any 不用 some. If you have any money,buy some books. If you have any questions, please ask me. 3） 、:在表示请求、劝告、邀请、或不希望对方拒绝的疑问句中用 some 而不用 any 。 Will you give me some water?Would you like some meat? Could I have some apples? May I ask some questions? Why not buy some fruit for her? 4） 、some 和 any 可以用来修饰单数名词,any 用在肯定句中时，意思是“任何的” 。 Any student can answer this question. You can take any book you like. Some day Chinese people will fly to the moon. You may come at any time. 5） 、any 也可与比较级连用，表示程度。 Is she any better taday? 2. few, a few, little, a little 用法 用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 表示肯定概念 a few 虽少，但有几个 a little，虽少，但有一点 表示否定概念 few 不多，几乎没有 little 不多，没有什么 1)、它们在句中都可作主语、宾语和定语。 Few of us have been to Beijing. I know little about the book. There is a little water in thia bottle. He has few friends. 2） little 和 little 也可以用作副词，a little 表示“有点，稍微” 、a ，little 表示“很少” 。 I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词 hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词 sleep) Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night. 3. other, the other, others, the others, another, other 某一个，另一些，其他的。不能单独使用，后面需跟单数名词或复数名词， 泛指别的。 others 其它。 必须单独使用， 泛指别人或别的东西。 常用于 “some … others”结构。 the other 两个中的另一个，剩下的一个。特指。常用于“one …the other …”结构。 the others 其他全部，其余的。表示在一个范围内的其他全部。 The other + 单数或复数名词 表示在一定范围内的另一个或几个，特指。 another 另一个（指多个中的任何一个）可单独用，也可接单数名词，还可接名词 复数，表示另几个，再几个。 Where are his other books? Some are red,and others are black. She has two sisters,one is a nurse ,the other is a teacher. Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese. Would you have another cup of tea? You can see another ship in the sea, can't you? Show me another one,please? I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another. 4. every 与 eacheach 每一个，强调个别情况。主、宾、定、状,可单独使用,可做代名词、形容词、用于 两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物。 every 每一个，强调整体， “每个都” “人人都” ，只作定语，不可单独使用，仅作形容 词，用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物。 The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour.(定) I gave each an apple when they came.(宾) 当我们说 each child, each student 或 each teacher 时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当 我们说 every child 和 every student 时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every 的意思与 all 接近， 表示他们都如此。 Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher. Every child likes playing. = All children like playing. 1)、只能说 each of , 不能说 every of ,every one = each Each of the rooms can hold twenty people.（主） 2） 、each every 作定语时，后加单数名词；each 作主语时谓语动词用单数。 Each student has a book. Every student has a book. 3）表达“每几个” ，只能用 every Every four days 每四天 Every other day 每隔一天 Every few metres 每隔几米 5. all,both,none,either,neither 的用法。 1)all 指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句 中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。 both 两个人或事物，对两者的肯定 none 三者或三者以上都不，是 all 的全部否定式，后不直接接名词，需加 of 再加名词， 动词可单可复。 either 对两者之一的肯定， neither 对两者的否定，是 both 的全部否定式 作主语 All of us like Mr Pope. = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语) Either ( of the books) will do . Neither (of the books)is correct. Neither of us enjoy getting up early. Both of you are right. 作宾语 I will take both of them with me. You make take either with you. I agree with neither of you. I have forgotten all about it. 作定语 Both seats are taken. You may take either road. There are trees on either side (=on both sides). Neither seat is taken. All students like the film. 1)、作主语时，all,both 后的谓语动词用复数，neither,either 后的谓语动词用单数。 2） 、both\all 还可以做主语和宾语的同位语 You and I are both correct.The food is not enough for us all. 作同位语时的位置： A、在 be 后 B、在实义动词前 C、在第一个动词后 3）作定语时，either neither 后面加单数名词，both 只能和复数名词连用，而 all 可以和 单数或不可数名词搭配。 There are trees on both sides of the road. He has lived here all his life. He has spent all the money on the books. 4)all 作主语表示“整个事物”时，动词用单数 All the water has been used up. (作主语) All I know is that he knew this. 5)\both,all 加否定是部分否定，如果要表示全部否定，分别用 neither ,none. Both of us are not teachers. 并不是我俩都教书。 （部分否定） Neither of us is a teacher. （全部否定） All of the books are not Chinese books. 这些书中有些不是汉语的。 None of the books are Chinese books. 这些书中没有一本是汉语的。 6)并列连词的使用 Either …or… Either you or I am right. neither …nor… Neither my sister nor I am right. both … and … Both he and I know this teacher. 6、not 用在动词后，组成否定句 no = not any ,not a 在句中只能用作定语，修饰可数及不可数名词。 none 是 all 的反义词，可作主语和宾语，代替不可数名词时动词用单数，代替可数名 词时动词用单数或复数均可。 Mike has no sister. There is no water in the well. Jim has no brothers or sisters. He had no money for books. None have (has) arrived yet. None of the stories ia (are) interesting. I’ve read none of the books. 7、one 指代上文提到过的单数名词。 ones 指代上文提到过的复数名词 This book is better than that one. He doesn’t want the small apples,he wants the big ones. 1)、one 可用来泛指任何人，可作宾语、主语，并有所有格 one’s (作定语)和反身代词 oneself(作主语、宾语)。 One should do one’s (his) duty. 2)\如果前句中提到的单数名词是可数的，就多用 one 来代替，如果该名词是不可数的， 就多用 that 来代替。 The population of New York is larger than that of London. 8、much 只修饰不可数名词，much water many 只修饰可数名词， many books 比较： a lot oflots of 可接可数名词或不可数名词，但一般只用于肯定句、在疑问句或 否定句中，则用 much 和 many。 9、复合不定代词——由 some ,any , no, every 加上-body ,-one,-thing 构成。 1).在句中作主、宾、表。复合不定代词一般用作单数。 Nobody is absent. Do you need anything? Grammer is not everything. 2)、复合不定代词被定语修饰时，定语须放在它们后面。 There is nothing wrong with the radio. Is there anything important? Anything else？ 3）由 some 组成的不定代词用于肯定句，由 any 合成的不定代词用于否定句，疑问 和条件句，有些疑问句在表示请求、建议和反问时，也可以用 some 合成的不定代词。 4).everyone 每一个人，人人， 大家，单独使用，不可接 of 短语。 every one 一个人，一件事情。一般要接 of 短语。 5） ，由 any 合成的不定代词，不能在否定句中作主语。 如：不能说： Anybody doesn’t go to see the film. 而应改成： Nobody goes to see the film. 10、all, whole 不能直接与复数名词连用，不能直接修饰专有名词。 all China = the whole of China all the world =the whole world all the time = the whole time all the class = the whole class all the way = the whole way the whole nation, the whole country 11、such same I have never seen such a film. Such is our plan. such „ as He needs such a book as mine. such ... that He is such a kind man that everyonf likes him. same; 必须和 the 连用 adj, They left on the same day. Pron, I’ll do the same as you. 12、表示不定量的短语 A．以下短语替代或修饰复数名词，谓语动词用复数： few , a few quite a few , only a few , several, many, a large (great) number of (许多) a couple of 两三个 hundreds of 成百的 B、以下短语谓语动词用单数 many a +单数名词 the number of + 复数名词 C．以下短语直接替代或修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数 a little little, a bit, less, least, much,not a little 许多 not a bit 一点也没有 a bit 后一般带 of + 名词，其它的不定量词只有在接代词或特定范围时用 of. the amount of 后接物质、钱、数的总量。 六. 相互代词 表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有 each other 和 one another 两种形式。 1） 、作宾语： each other 两个人的关系 one another 两个以上的人之间的相互关系 在当代英语中，each other 和 one another 在运用中没有什么区别。 Did you know each other at that time? The students often help each other. We haven’t seen one another for a long time. 2)、作定语：作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。 each other’s one another’s We often correct each other's mistakes. They are interested in one another's secret. 七. 疑问代词 一般都放在句首， 用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词， 在句子中作为某一句子成分。 疑问代词有 指 人： who, whom, whose 指 物： what 既可指人又可指物： which Which of those is yours? (作主语) Whose is the watch on the table? （作表语） Whose umbrella is this? （作定语） Whom are you waiting for? （作宾语） 1、疑问代词构成特殊疑问句时，疑问代词一般都位于句首，并在句中担任某一成分。 绝大部分都用疑问语序，但疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，要用陈述语序。 My bike is lost. What shall I do? Which is the biggest animal on land? Which looks more beautiful,this shirt or that one? 2、提问“哪个” “哪些”时，who 用于人，which 和 what 用于物，which 一般用于 有一定选择范围的情况，what 用于无选择范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况。 Which animal do you like best? Which do you prefer,rice or meat? Which girls do you like best? What girls do you like best? 3、Whom 是 who 的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时， 可用 who 代替，但在介词后只能用 whom, Who(m) are you waiting for? Who(m) did you meet on the street? With whom did you go to the park?=Who did you go to the park with? Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首） To whom did you speak on the campus?（作介词宾语，不能用 who 取代。 ） 说明： 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时， 过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首， 现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如： For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体） What are you looking for? 你在找什么？（现代英语） 4、whose 既有名词作用，可单独充当主语，宾语，表语，又有形容词作用，后可与名 词连用（单、复均可） Whose is this shirt?=Whose shirt is this? Whose sweaters are these?=Whose are these sweaters?