英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)

I. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages

贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons

Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400

The father of English poetry.

① 坎特伯雷故事集：

first time to use „heroic couplet‟(双韵体) by middle English

②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德

③ 声誉之宫

II The Renaissance Period

A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.

Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:

1. new discoveries in geography and astrology

2. the religious reformation and economic expansion

3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture

The most famous dramatists:

Christopher Marlowe

William Shakespeare

Ben Johnson.

William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚

1564~1616

① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世; Henry IV : Richard III 查理三

世; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII

②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜;

仲夏夜之梦;

威尼斯商人

③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗;

李尔王; 麦克白

④Shakespeare Sonnet :154

Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg

A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in

iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.

⑤ the comedy of errors 错中错， Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记 Love's labour's lost （爱的徒劳） Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶 Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor. 温莎的风流娘们 King John 约翰王

All's well that ends well 终成眷属 Measure for measure（一报还一报） Bacon: Of Studies; Of Beauty; Of Marriage and Single Life English

Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois revolution.

Milton：1608~1674

Paradise Lost; Samson Agonistes (力士参孙);

On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园

我的失明

论出版自由

为英国人民声辩

Bunyan: 1628~1688

①Religionary Allegory:

天路历程

Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;

the Holy War

John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).

Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）

The Flea; 跳蚤 Forbbiding Mourning， Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念 Hely sonnets

IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy

The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)

小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)

Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)

Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）

① 格列佛游记(fictional work)

Four parts:

Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国

Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛

一个小小的建议

② 书战

③

木桶的故事

④ 一个麻布商的书信

⑤ Bickerstaff Almanac 比克斯塔福历书

Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731

（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is

smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

① 鲁宾逊漂流记

It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.

Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and

hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets

shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for

24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.

②

③

④ 辛格顿船长

Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754

The funder of the English realistic world

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

① novels:

弃婴汤姆•琼斯

约瑟夫•安德鲁

大诗人江奈生•威尔德

爱米利亚

② plays:

一七三六年历史记事

堂吉柯德在英国

William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827

① 天真之歌

A happy and innocent world from children‟s eye.

② 经验之歌

A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.

Include: 扫烟囱的小孩

Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity

Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence

③ 天堂与地狱的婚姻

Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796

The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.

Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

① 约翰•安德生，我的爱人，Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect，苏格兰抒情歌谣集

②

一朵红红的玫瑰

③

友谊地久天长

④

不管那一套

⑤ 我的心在那高原上

⑥

⑦ 自由树 Farewell to Scotland 再见苏格兰

V The Romantic Period

The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‟s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott‟s death.

Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)

In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.

Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).

“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.

William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850

① 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)

② ③My Heart Leaps up When I Behold，④Above Tintern Abbey; ⑤Intimations of Immortality ⑥Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ⑦ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ⑧ 序曲

George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德•哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。

）

“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.

① 唐•璜

恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记

该隐

② 当初我们俩分别

My Soul is Dark; The First Kiss of Love;

Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822

① Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme: the drama celebraies man‟s victory over tyranny and oppression

② 麦布女王 伊斯兰的反叛 钦契一家 诗辩 无神论的必要性

③ Lyrics: 西风颂

Love's Philosophy; The Cloud; To a Skylark(致云雀);

约翰•济慈1795~1821

(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

① Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂 夜莺颂 心灵颂 忧郁颂 ② 秋颂 ③③ Isabella

VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900 English Critical Realism(Victorian Era)

Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant

preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.

Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870

（批判现实主义小说家）the greatest representative of English critical realist writer ① 匹克威克外传

② 奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）

③ 老古玩店

④ 圣诞颂歌

⑤ 董贝父子

⑥ 大卫•科波菲尔

⑦ 荒凉山庄

艰难时世

⑧ 双城记(London & Paris)

⑨ 远大前程

⑩ 我们共同的朋友 Sketches by Boz; American Notes 美国札记 William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863

① or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan)

②

③Cox's Diary庸人之书

Jane Austen

简•奥斯丁

She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ① 理智与感情

傲慢与偏见曼斯菲尔德庄园 爱玛 诺桑觉寺 劝导

Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855

① 简•爱② 雪莉 ③ 教师

Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854

① 呼啸山庄

George Eliot

乔治•艾略特

① 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 ② 亚当•比德

③ 织工马南 ④ 米德尔马契

Mid and Late 19th Century

Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889

① 我已故的公爵夫人

② 海外乡思

Men and Women; Dramatic Lyrics; Pippa Paaaes; The Ring and the Book;

Elizabeth Barrett Browing:

① 葡萄牙十四行诗

Christina. G. Rossetti: 1830-1894 Seek and Find; A Story for Girls; Song; A Birthday VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century

Playwrights

① Oscar Wilde

② George Bernard Shaw

Henrry James: the wings of a dove; a portrait of a women; Daisy Miller; the ambassadors; the golden bowl

George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist

① Plays Unpleasant 华伦夫人的职业 鳏夫的房产

② Plays Pleasant 武器与人 左右命运的人

③Plays 人与超人 匹格玛利翁 苹果车

圣女贞德 Heartbreak House .托马斯•哈代1840~1928

（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）

⑪ Novels ① 德伯家的苔丝 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② 无名的裘德 ③ 绿荫下 ④ 远离尘嚣 ⑤ 卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ 还乡

⑫ Poems ： Wessex Poems And Other Verses ， Poems Of The Past And Present

The Dynasts 列国

Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900 salome

（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）

① 4 Comedies:

认真的重要 温德米尔夫人的扇子一个无足轻重的女人理想的丈夫 ② Novel: 多利安•格雷的画像

③ Fairy Stories: 快乐王子故事集

The Truth Of Masks .William Butler Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939

（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动；

The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）

⑪ collections

① 苇风

责任

② 塔

旋转的楼梯

⑫ Poems

复活节，1916

第二次来临/再世

到拜占庭航行

When You are Old; The Lake Isle of Innisfree;

Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）

⑪ Poems

①

② 四个四重奏

③

⑫ Plays ① 大教堂谋杀案

Morning at the Window;

David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930 Modernist 儿子与情人(autobiographical)②虹

③恋爱中的女人

④ 查特莱夫人的情人

詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941 Modernist

（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness

尤利西斯(S_O_C)

一个青年艺术家的肖像

芬尼根的苏醒

都柏林人

Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941 Modernist

（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness

① Novels

达洛维夫人

到灯塔去

浪

雅各布的房间

奥兰朵

幕间

The Voyage Out; A room of one‟s own

Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster)

印度之行 霍华兹别墅 Where Angels Fear to Tread; The Longest Journey; A Room with a View; Howards End;

A Passage to India; Maurice

Dorris Lessing

The Grass is Singing; The Golden Notebook; Particularly Cats; Love, Again Samuel Beckett

Finnegans Waken ; More Pricks Than Kicks; Waiting for Godot; The Trilogy Molloy;Malone Dies; The Unameable

Harold Pinter

The Room; The Birthday Party; Tea Party;The Homecoming; Old Times

“文艺复兴”（Renaissance）原意是“再生”，指的是希腊、罗马文化的再生。世俗学校在“神学学科”以外添设了“人文学科”，内容就是希腊、罗马古典各科学术（包括文艺、哲学、历史乃到自然科学）。这些古典学术的研究者和倡导者，被称为“人文主义者”。 古典文化大体上是人道主义 （即把人看成万物的中心）和现世主义，重视科学和哲学的探讨及对美好事物的创造和享受，要求人在身心各方面均衡发展。基督教则以神权中心和来世主义为基本内容，实行蒙昧主义和禁欲主义，两种文化形成了尖锐的对立。以人为本、以人性反神性、以人权反神权、以个性自由、理性至上和人性全面发展为理想的“人文主义”是文艺复兴运动的指导思想，也是文艺复兴时期文学的思想核心。文艺复兴运动在15世纪末、16世纪初影响到英国。早期的人文主义者托马斯·莫尔、科列特、格罗辛、林纳克等被称为“牛津改革派” 18世纪的欧洲被称为理性时代或启蒙时代。这个时期产生了全欧性的思想运动——启蒙运动。启蒙思想家们把启蒙教化民众看作改造社会的基本途径，他们推崇人的理性万能和至高无上，以理性检验旧的制度、传统观念，依赖科学、经验和理智. 在崇尚理性的文化环境中，英国文学中自德莱顿开始的古典主义蔚然成风，在18世纪上、下半叶分别以蒲伯和约翰逊为代表人物。在前期出现的新的散文文学：期刊文学和现实主义小说，也具有启蒙的性质。在中期，特别是40到50年代，现实主义小说取得辉煌成就。到18世纪后期，英国文学中出现了引人瞩目的新的文学潮流：感伤主义和前浪漫主义，表现出对理性主义的不满，预示着英国文学中新的时代——浪漫主义时期的到来.