英语难点分析

从一道高考题看 when 引导的状语从句

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/03/31 12:59 英语辅导报

请看下面一道高考题:

We were swimming in the lake________ suddenly the storm started.

A. when B. whileC. untilD. before

答案为A。此题是考查when作连词引导从句的用法。在此含义为“正……忽然……”。when在英语中是个常见的词,其用法也比较灵活,现将其引导状语从句的含义及特点简单总结如下:

一、有“当……的时候”的含义(=at the time that...),此时when后的从句是用来说明前面主句动作发生的背景。例如:

James pretended to be deaf when I spoke to him. 当我和詹姆斯讲话的时候,他假装耳聋。

二、有“正……忽然……”的含义,表示突然发生某事。此时是when前的主句说明when后面句子之中动词动作发生的背景。例如:

I was about to leave my office when the telephone rang. 我正要离开办公室时,忽然电话铃响了。

注意:在这种句型中一般不可把when放在句首。

三、有“无论什么时候……”的含义,与whenever的意思差不多,但语气较轻。此时when后的从句说明主句动词动作发生的背景。例如:

When the wind blows, all the doors rattle. 只要风一吹,所有的门都吱吱嘎嘎作响。

四、有“本该(可)……而(却)……”的含义,此时when含有对比意义。例如:

They have only three copies when we need five. 我们本该需要五本,而他们却只有三本。

五、有“既然……”的含义。此时when从句说明主句的理由或是一种借故。例如: I can’t tell you anything when you won’t listen. 既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。

六、有“如果,要是(=if)”的含义,此时when从句表示条件,意思上接近“在……的情况下”。例如:

Come when you are ready. 如果(要是)你准备好了,就来吧。

七、有“还没(刚刚)……就……”的含义,此时表示主、从句的动作几乎同时发生。例如:

I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚开门,他就打我。

八、有“那时或然后”的含义,此时when前往往有“,”号。例如:

They arrive at 6, when we all have dinner. 他们六点到,那时(然后)我们大家一起吃饭。

九、有“其实或虽然……但是……”的含义,此时when的意思接近although。例如: She stopped trying, when she might succeed next time. 她不再尝试了,其实下一次说不定会成功。

注意:有时when引导状语从句时,在不影响文意的情况下往往将从句中某些成分省去,因此,常常会出现以下结构:

1. When+现在分词。例如:

When sleeping, I never hear a thing. 睡觉时,我什么都听不见。

2. When+过去分词。例如:

This dictionary will look nice when printed. 这本词典印出来时会很好看。

3. When+名词或形容词。例如:

When a boy, he was sick all the time. 小的时候,他经常生病。

4. When+介词短语。例如:

When at Rome do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。

(文/张本芳 英语辅导报高三年级版2004-2005学年第24期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)

高中英语课外辅导：插入语与高考试题

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/03/31 12:58 英语辅导报

插入语是一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解释。它通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,位置较为灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。下面以高考题为例,谈谈插入语的用法。

一、形容词(短语)用作插入语

常见的形容词有strange(奇怪的),sure enough (果然),worse still (更糟糕的是),even better(更好的),strange to say(说也奇怪), needless to say(不用说), most important of all(最为重要的)等。例如:

Sure enough, enemy planes came again the next day. 果然敌机第二天又来了。 Strange, he often forgot to turn off the lights. 真奇怪,他经常忘记关灯。

[原题再现]

Greenland, ________island in the world, covers over two million square

kilometers.

A. it is the largest

B. that is the largest

C. is the largestD. the largest

答案:D

二、副词(短语)用作插入语

常用作插入语的副词有indeed(的确), surely (无疑), however(然而), obviously(显然), frankly(坦率地说), naturally(自然), luckily / happily for sb.(算某人幸运),

fortunately(幸好), strangely(奇怪), honestly(老实说), briefly (简单地说)等。

[原题再现]

Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ________, neither of them could swim.

A. In fact B. Luckily

C. Unfortunately D. Naturally

答案:C

三、介词短语用作插入语

常用作插入语的介词短语有in a few words / in sum / in short (简而言之),on the contrary(相反), in other words (换句话说), in a sense (在某种意义上), in general(一般说来), in my view (在我看来),in conclusion (总之), in summary(概括地说), in fact(事实上), at first (首先), in addition (此外), of course(当然),to my joy / delight / satisfaction. (使我欣慰 / 高兴 / 满意的是), for instance / example(例如),as a matter of fact (事实上) 等。

[原题再现]

① Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has ________IQ.

A. a high B. a higher

C. the higher D. the highest

② Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard— ________, you failed.

A. in the end B. after all

③ Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ________, of course , made the others envy him.

A. whoB. thatC. whatD. which

答案:① B ② C ③ D

四、不定式短语用作插入语

to be frank (坦率地说),to tell (you )the truth (老实说),to be sure (无疑地), to sum up (概括地说)等。例如:

That’s a wonderful idea, to be sure!这个主意好极了,肯定的!

To sum up, success results from hard work.总之,成功来自于努力。

五、分句用作插入语

常用作插入语的分句有:I think(我认为),do you suggest / suppose (你建议 / 猜测),I hope (我希望),I’m afraid (恐怕),what’s more (而且),what’s worse (更糟糕的

是),you see (你知道),I am sure(我可以肯定地说),I wonder(我不知道), that is (也就是说),it seems(看来是),as I see it(照我看来),what is important (重要的是),believe it or not (信不信由你)等。

[原题再现]

① As I know, there is ________ car in this neighborhood.

A. no such B. no a

C. not such D. no such a

② It is so nice to hear from her. ________, we last met more than thirty years ago.

A. What’s more B. That is to say

③ ________ be sent to work there?

A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that should

C. Do you suggest who should

D. Do you suggest whom should

④ —How do you ________ we go to Beijing for our holidays?

—I think we’d better fly there. It’s much more comfortable.

A. insistB. want

C. suppose D. suggest

⑤ She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million.

A. have reached B. has reached

C. are reachingD. had reached

答案:① A ② D ③ A ④ D ⑤ A

六、有时说完一句话之后,再补充几个词或一句话,以作进一步解释说明,这也是一种插入语,前面常用破折号。

[原题再现]

① Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare—you must learn to ________.

A. support B. care

C. spare D. share

② If you want help—money or anything, let me know, ________ you?

A. don’t B. will C. shallD. do

答案:① D ② B

(文/籍万杰 英语辅导报高三年级版2004-2005学年第22期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)

中英语课外辅导：否定句中的非否定现象

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/03/31 12:58 英语辅导报

有些英语句子不可“貌相”(望文生义),它们明明看起来是否定形式,有时却可以表示肯定的意义,甚至表示非常强烈的肯定意义。由此,语言的神奇妙用被体现得淋漓尽致。本文对这一有趣的语言现象进行了归纳总结,以期能给英语学习者带来一点新意扑面、趣在其中的感觉。

1. can / could not...too表示“无论怎样也不过分”。例如:

You cannot be too careful when crossing the street. 穿越马路时,再怎么小心也不为过。

You can never be too careful in performing an experiment. 做实验越仔细越好。

2. can / could not...enough意为“无论怎么都不够”,表示强烈的肯定。例如: I cannot thank you enough. 我对你感激不尽。

You can’t be careful enough. 你越小心越好。

3. too...not to表示“太……不会不……”,具有肯定意义。例如:

He is too careful not to have noticed it. 他那么小心,一定会注意到这一点的。

4. never too...to是对too...to的再否定,表示肯定。例如:

It’s never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。

5. not...for nothing中,not用来否定for nothing,从而加强了谓语的肯定意义。例如:

He didn’t study law for nothing. 他学法律并没有白费。

Believe me, he did not fly into such a rage for nothing. 请相信我,他勃然大怒是有原因的。

6. nothing if not表示“极其”,含强烈的肯定意义。例如:

He was nothing if not clever. 他很聪明。

The story was nothing if not interesting. 故事极其有趣。

7. nothing less than表示“完全是”,有肯定的含义。例如:

What he said was nothing less than a lie. 他说的纯属谎言。

His negligence was nothing less than criminal. 他的粗心大意无异于犯罪。

8. nothing but表示“只有,只不过”,含肯定意义。例如:

We could see nothing but water. 我们只看见一大片水。

She does nothing but listen to records. 她除了听唱片什么也不做。

9. no的否定意义很强,和具有否定意义的名词连用,来表示强烈的肯定。例如: She is no fool. (She is very clever.) 她绝不是傻瓜。

There is no question that Mr. Smith is the boss. 毫无疑问,史密斯先生就是老板。

10. 双重否定表示强烈的肯定。例如:

Nobody had nothing to eat. =Everyone has something to eat. 每个人都有吃的。

11. not...until / till表示“直到……才”,具有肯定的意义。例如:

She didn’t stop working until 12 o’clock last night. 昨晚12点以前,她一直在不停地工作。

12. “否定词 + so + adj. / adv. + as”结构,从反面表示“最”,是一种强烈的肯定。例如:

It wasn’t so bad as last time!这次不像上次那么糟!

None is so blind as those who won’t see. 没有比视而不见的人更瞎眼的了。

13. 有些带否定词的短语,在使用时并不构成否定意义,即表示肯定意义。例如: He would go as soon as not. 他非常乐意去。

As often as not the buses are late on foggy days. 遇多雾天气时,公共汽车经常晚点。

14. 否定的感叹句、疑问句常表示肯定意义。例如:

Isn’t this film interesting?这部电影难道没趣吗?

Who doesn’t enjoy reading The Dream of the Red Mansion?谁不喜欢看《红楼梦》呢?(人人都喜欢看《红楼梦》。)

15. 以Why don’t you...和Why not ... 开头的疑问句往往表示邀请、建议、指导等,具有肯定意义。例如:

Why don’t you introduce her to your parents?你为什么不把她介绍给你父母呢? Why not come and see me tomorrow?明天来看我怎么样?

(文/王嵩 英语辅导报高三年级版2004-2005学年第22期；版权归英语辅导报社所有，独家网络合作伙伴新浪教育，未经许可，不得以任何形式进行转载。)