篮球英语论文

The Basketball Industry

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3

1.the origine of basketball industry . .................................................................................................. 4

1.1the invention of the basketball ............................................................................................. 4

1.2 the early development of the basketball . ............................................................................. 5

2. Development of basketball industry . ............................................................................................. 6

2.1International Basketball Federation [FIBA] . ........................................................................ 6

2.2 The American Basketball League [ABL] . ........................................................................... 6

2.3 National Basketball Association [NBA] ............................................................................. 7

2.4 The Chinese University Basketball [CUBA] ...................................................................... 7

2.5 National Basketball League [NBL] . .................................................................................... 7

2.6 Dream Team ........................................................................................................................ 7

3.The application in china . ................................................................................................................ 8

3.1 the general situation ............................................................................................................ 8

3.2 quick facts ........................................................................................................................... 9

3.3 television and radio ............................................................................................................. 9

3.4 NBA Players . ....................................................................................................................... 9

3.5 Games ............................................................................................................................... 10

4. Application in the USA ............................................................................................................... 10

4.1 the general situation .......................................................................................................... 10

4.2 the success of NBA ........................................................................................................... 10

5. Analysis and contrast between above two countries ................................................................... 11

5.1 NBA’s operation system . ................................................................................................... 11

5.2 CBA’ cultural atmosphere ................................................................................................. 12

5.3 the conclusion ................................................................................................................... 12

6 conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 13

6.1experience of American basketball industry ...................................................................... 13

6.1.1 relationship between ownership and Professional . ................................................. 13

6.1.2 Highlight the subjectivity of the operation . ............................................................ 13

6.2 some improvement and suggestions . ................................................................................. 13

Acknowledgements . ........................................................................................................................ 14

WORK CITED . ............................................................................................................................... 15

The basketball industry

Abstract With the development of the basketball movement, problems have been arisen, for

example, the fund sources of basketball clubs. In order to solve these problems, we need to absorb

some advanced experience from foreign countries as we explore our own unique Chinese way.

Under such background, this essay comes out.The article trace back to the origin of basketball,

then evolves to the early development, focus on the application in different countries, and reason

out the fundamental difference of different basketball industry development.In the last part of the

essay, the conclusion, we also exert some suggestion to improve the Chinese basketball industry.

Key words problem, basketball industry, suggestion

INTRODUCTION

This essay mainly focus on the basketball industry, starting from the very first

beginning of the basketball’s origin, to the early development, then the localization in

different countries, such as China and American, which is also our focus. By putting

them together, we can easily come to the line of the differences lying in those two

countries, then we continue to find out the base reason in order to abstract the best

way to improve the situation of Chinese basketball industry.

Nowadays, basketball has becomed a popular worldwide activity. Only in China,

you can find a lot of kids who are playing basketball in streets, in the playground. And

the China also saw its basketball grew rapidly in this few years. The incoming

problem is how to control it, lead it in a healthy way.

Compared to America, a lot of problems have rinsed in China, the biggest one is

how to solve the fund sources of basketball clubs. Maybe the highly success of

American basketball can bring some fresh air to us.

1.the origine of basketball industry

1.1the invention of the basketball

Being an sport that dominated America, basketball would probably be

considered as a prime label of American culture. One is prompted to think it must've

been originated from the United States. Well, it is true - somewhat. It was originated

from Springfield, Massachusetts. But it was invented by a Canadian!

Basketball is a very popular sport, comprising of two teams. Each of the teams has

five members and competes against each other for scoring points, by passing the ball

through a 10 feet [3 m]high hoop. The team with the maximum points, at the end of

the game, wins. Talking about the origin of basketball, the game came into being as

far back as the year 1891. Since then, it has evolved to consist of common techniques

of shooting, passing and dribbling.

Basketball was invented by Dr. James Nesmith in 1891. The physical-education

professor of the YMCA International Training School at Springfield, Massachusetts,

needed to make a fun indoor sport to keep students fit during winter. Few people

know that Nesmith took the game's rules from Duck on a Rock, a medieval kid's game

involving a stone dragon and a tree stump.(Vanguard,2010)

As the above, James Nesmith’s Basketball, its origins appeared in print in 1941

under the suspires of the Young Men’s Christian Association[YMCA],in celebration

of the birth of basketball fifty years earlier.Unfortunately,1941 was a bad year for

birthday parties. As Nazi Germany intensified its air attack and tightened a sea

blockade of Britain, destructive forces stalked the earth. Boasting quick victories in

Yugoslavia, Greece, and Greet, German troops invaded the Soviet Union and General

Edwin Rome’s Africa Corps assaulted Libya. All the while, German submarines

engaged in a search-and-destroy mission against supplies being shipped from North

America. Finally, the United States officially entered the war after a surprise Japanese

attack on Pearl Harbor. That “day of infamy” occurred on 7December 1941, within

the same month that James Nesmith created basketball half a century earlier. The

pressures of war snuffed out all the birthday candles. (McCarthy, 1996)

1.2 the early development of the basketball

Initially, the basket retained it bottom and the ball had to be retrieved after

making a goal. However, with time, as some inconvenience was noted, a hole was

made at the bottom of the basket. Till 1906, peach baskets continued to be used and

finally, were replaced by metal hoops with backboards. Soon, some more changes

were made to the hoop and ultimately, it evolved to the one we see today. The first

official basketball game was played in the YMCA gymnasium, on 20th January 1892,

with nine players. (Chen Jianzhong, 2004)

It was by 1897-1898 that a team of five members became a usual practice. The

entry of women into basketball was noticed around 1892, at Smith College. It was

Sender Branson, a physical education teacher, who modified Nesmith’s rules and

paved way for women’s basketball. She also played a major role in organizing the

first women’s collegiate basketball game, on 21st March 1893. With time, basketball

spread throughout USA and Canada. By 1895, the game was being played at several

women's high schools.

The first intercollegiate women's game was played in April 1896. The year

1901 saw Branson becoming the editor of A.G. Spalding’s first Women's Basketball

Guide. By early-1900s, frequent injuries started to occur during men’s basketball

games. This prompted President Roosevelt to suggest the formation of a governing

body for college basketball. The result was the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic

Association of the United States [IAAUS], which was later [1910] renamed as

National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA].

Amateur sports clubs, colleges and professional clubs for basketball started

opening. In the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union and the

Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States competed for control over the

rules of the game. The first men's national championship tournament, the National

Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tournament was organized in 1937. The next

year saw the first national championship for NCAA teams, the National Invitation

Tournament [NIT] in New York, being organized

2. Development of basketball industry

2.1International Basketball Federation [FIBA]

The first International Basketball Conference was held in 1932. At that Time,

FIBB was formed with 8 national basketball associations. By the time of the 1936

Olympic in Berlin, FIBA's membership had expanded to include 32 nations. The

abbreviation FIBA, was originally derived from the French term Federation International de Basketball Amateur. The "A" in FIBA was however left and FIBA is

now recognized as standing for International Basketball Federation. The growth of

international basketball has continued and in 2001 FIBA of 211 member nations.

FIBA's offices are located in Munich in Germany. It is divided into 5 regional zones:

Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

2.2 The American Basketball League [ABL]

The American Basketball League began play in 1925 and lasted into the 1930s, when college basketball became increasingly popular. The Basketball Association of America [BAA] was comprised of teams in eastern cities when it began in 1946. Meanwhile, another National Basketball League was founded with teams spreading into the midwest. The BAA and NBL teams competed for players and fans. In 1948, four NBL teams joined the BAA and six more joined the following year, banding with seven remaining BAA teams to form a 17-team league renamed the National Basketball Association [NBA].(Chen Jun,2002)

2.3 National Basketball Association [NBA]

Since its founding in 1946, the NBA has become a global phenomenon that transcends national boundaries of the 11 franchises that comprised the Basketball Association of America [BAA] at the start of 1946-1947 season.

The NBA contains 30 teams [29 teams in U.S. & 1 in Canada] that play an 82-game season from November to April. After the regular season 8 teams from each conference compete in the playoffs for the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.

2.4 The Chinese University Basketball [CUBA]

CUBA, the Chinese University Basketball Association, was found in 1985. Before the CUBA league was launched in 1998. CUBA league was held for the first time, it drew 617 teams from 26 provinces and cities. During the 2000-2001 season , CUBA activities enjoyed even greater popularity on campus. The CUBA is still very much in its infancy. However, as its current rate of development, the future leaves bright for this new basketball association in China.

2.5 National Basketball League [NBL]

The first professional basketball association of teams was National Basketball League, formed in 1898 principally as a way to organize competition against the Trenton Basketball Team, the finest organized team of the day in the YMCA League. The NBL didn't last long, but by 1920 there were at least twenty leagues in the east and mid west.

2.6 Dream Team

1992 was the year that professional players were first allowed to compete in the Olympics, and the USA assembled a national team made up of the NBA's best players. Known as the Dream Team, this squad overwhelmed its competition, winning the gold medal easily. At the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta in Georgia, the American Professional players again dominated competition, and the United States took another gold medal. At the 2000 Olympics in Sydney in Australia, the United States also won gold but did not dominate play as thoroughly as before.

With the product output continues to expand, China Basketball industry enjoys a rapid development in the year of 2008, the national industrial policy encourages Basketball industry to develop towards the direction of hi-tech products, at the same time, domestic investment has gradually been increased. As investors pay more and more attention on Basketball industry, the market demand for researches on Basketball industry development increases day by day.

2009-2012 is a critical period for the development of China Basketball industry, it is also the transitional period for China stepping from the "11th Five-Year Plan" to the "12th Five-Year Plan". In the context of global financial turmoil and severe domestic economic situation, a series of new policies are about to be introduced which will undoubtedly have a significant impact on the development of basketball industry. A number of major national construction projects have started to be constructed which are bond to play an important role in driving the demand of

basketball industry market (Chen Jun,2002) .

3.The application in china

3.1 the general situation

The NBA’s relationship with Chinese basketball dates back to 1979 when the Washington Bullets [now Wizards] traveled to China to play two exhibition games against the Chinese National Team. Since then, the NBA has opened offices in Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai, built relationships with the NBA’s 24 Chinese broadcast partners, organized dozens of grassroots events while NBA teams signed three players from China. The inaugural NBA China Games 2004 took place on October 14 in Shanghai at the Shanghai Stadium with a capacity of 11,333 seats, and on October 17 in Beijing at the Capital Stadium with a capacity of 17,903 seats (McCarthy,1998) .

3.2 quick facts 1. Over 300 million people play basketball throughout China.

2. In recent surveys, 83% of Chinese males’ ages 15-24 said they were NBA fans, more than 40% stated that basketball is their favorite sport to play and four of their top five athletes are NBA players.

3. NBA games are watched by more than 30 million viewers per week in China.

4. NBA.com/China averages over three million page-views per day.

5. NBA merchandise is sold in more than 20,000 locations throughout the country.

3.3 television and radio

1 In the 2005-06 seasons, NBA’s broadcasters in China have increased to 24.

2 First-time broadcasters include Chongqing TV, Guangxi TV, Guangzhou TV, Jiangsu TV, Kunming TV, Ningbo TV, Shenzhen TV and Xinjiang TV. The NBA is also available on Radio Guangdong and on NuSports’s website.

3 CCTV televises 96 regular season games, the NBA All-Star Game, NBA Playoff games and The Finals (McCarthy,1998) .

3.4 NBA Players 1 Yao Ming [Houston Rockets] was selected by the Houston Rockets as the No. 1 pick in the NBA Draft 2002. The third Chinese NBA player, Yao played his first regular season game against the Indiana Pacers on October 30, 2002. In 2005 All-Star Game, Yao was selected as the starting center for the third consecutive time. He finished the 2004-05 season with averages of 18.3 points, 8.4 rebounds and 2.0 blocks per game, and a field goal percentage of .552.

2 Wang Zhizhi [Miami Heat], signed by the Dallas Mavericks on April 5, 2001, was the first Chinese player in the NBA. Wang was drafted in the second round of the 1999 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks as the 36th pick overall. He was one of nine international players selected in the 1999 NBA Draft. He signed with the Los Angeles Clippers as a free agent on October 1, 2002 and played with the team until November 22, 2003. Wang then signed a two-year contract with the Miami Heat on December 1, 2003.

3 Mengke Bateer became the second Chinese player to play in the NBA when he joined the Denver Nuggets on February 27, 2002. The 6-11, 290-pound Bateer had signed with Denver October 2, 2001 but returned to China until re-signing with the Nuggets on February 26, 2002 (Vanguard,2010).

3.5 Games

The first-ever NBA games in China took place on October 14 and 17 when the Houston Rockets and the Sacramento Kings played preseason games in Beijing and

Shanghai. The Houston Rockets won Game 1 in Shanghai, 88-86, while the Sacramento Kings won the Game 2 in Beijing 91-98. Marketing partners for the NBA China Games 2004 included Budweiser, Coca-Cola, Disneyland, Kodak, McDonald’s .

4. Application in the USA

4.1 the general situation

Since Doctor Smith invented basketball in 1891, America and basketball has forged the indissoluble bound. Basketball oriented in America, and develops prosperously in there. America has a profound culture of basketball, now she has a chain of basketball industry, which is represented by NBA.

NBA’s full name is National Basketball Association; it is on behalf of the utmost level of the world’s basketball. NBA has Michael Jordan, Earvin Johnson, Kobe Byrant ；Yaomin, LeBron James and so forth such world’s superstar . There are 30 teams in the association which belong to two separated alliance, east and west. Each alliance is consist of there competition area, and each competition area has 5 teams. 29 teams of all 30 teams are from America, one team comes from Toronto, Canada.

4.2 the success of NBA NBA’s success due t o its business operation. The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by the owners of the major sports arenas in the Northeast and Midwest United States. On August 3, 1949 the BAA agreed to merge with the NBL, expanding the National Basketball Association to seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as large arenas and smaller gymnasiums and armories. 1950s: diversity, 24-second shot clock introduced. In 1956, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in

thirteen seasons. Through 1960s, the NBA continued to strengthen with the shift of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles, the Philadelphia Warriors to San Francisco, and the Syracuse Nationals to Philadelphia, as well as the addition of its first expansion franchises. Having walked through 59 years since 1946, NBA becomes one of the most successful professional leagues from a league which even has no telecast at first. NBA’s business operation explains the concept of sports industry well(McCarthy,1998).

NBA’s business operation involves in all sides, many of which is opened originally. And the business operation has been promoted to be world’s basketball league. It becomes to the successful model of all kinds of leagues. The fourth president of NBA created many management ways of promoting, one of which is the most important------ 'Impact players'. With the downturn in the US it may be that it is even-more important to find new areas of revenue.

5. Analysis and contrast between above two countries

5.1 NBA’s operation system

NBA is operated and developed under the conditions of a sound social system and at the same time, itself formed a perfect system which is fit with the social system. Therefore, NBA formed a strict system of rules, such as: draft system, salary cap system, transfer system, the club access system and so on. The operators take full use of their advantages to attract as many as sponsors and make enough money to run their matches, to improve their skill ,even to make their matches more marvelously in odor to attract as much as spectators. All operations of NBA Complied with the law, namely, they followed the system of impartial. The complete system and some special legal supports promote the NBA developed rapidly.

5.2 CBA’ cultural atmosphere

During the process of social transformation in China, the government has been tried to convert and establish new juristic order to revise and integrate the New Sports, which will provide new space for development of sports industry. However, the system construction and its effectiveness did not receive the desired results. So to push on the sports system reform can not depend on some artificial rules. The system can not effective functioning without social interaction and the identity of social actors. Individual identity and social identity based on cultural identity. Because culture has a long-term impact on human. Human behavior and social and psychological structure follow a certain pattern of cultural values intentionally or none-intentionally and go in a invisible way to stop the emergence of a new benefits distribution system, So, in the process of CBA professionalization, there are many traces of the rule of man. For example, in the different stages of the Sports Development Strategy [Olympic strategy and the national games strategy], Sports Development Goals proposed different requirements on CBA institution reform.(Sun,2003)

The reform contents at different stages have different ways to accomplish. As one senior official of basketball said we can not abandon strategy just because of a rational objective unconditionally releasing the new reform. we can not deny the traditional rules just because of the reality benefit.

5.3 the conclusion

In a conclusion, different cultures play different roles in different countries and have different functions. American is a country ruled by law while China by man. This difference led to a consequence that NBA is ruled by regulations while CBA is operated by rights ; NBA Basketball associated with

League, CBA has not a professional basketball league; NBA’s supreme body for the Board Council [Congress], CBA for the State Sports General Administration and

some other differences.

6 conclusion

6.1experience of American basketball industry

6.1.1 relationship between ownership and Professional

The typical characteristic of American cooperation is the separation of management and ownership, which means that people involve in the company no longer take part in the the management of the enterprise , which is in the charge of the general manager hired by the board instead. Because of the improvement of its internal management system and the smooth of operational mechanism, we should weigh the new configuration of sports resources through market, separating the ownership and management rights to make the club corporate financial unified production and operating rights combined, becoming the a truly independent legal entity.

6.1.2 Highlight the subjectivity of the operation

Once professional basketball league is involved in the business, managers work more than operating the game itself, but being more considered for attendance, broadcast rights, transfer and so on..In a market economy society,sports competience has become a very important business activity. Basketball Association's Board of Industry under the NBA's 29 club owners group.(Sun,2003)

General manager of NBA Board of Directors hire a daily work and management under the auspices of 14 Departments of the work, it is an American professional basketball's supreme governing body, the present body is an entity solely responsible for the work of the clubs affiliated.

6.2 some improvement and suggestions

1) Chinese basketball authorities should be rational to locate their own

development, from reality, the development of clear strategic thinking of basketball, following the

Fine tradition of commitment and internalize the advanced experience of foreign countries, leading China's basketball to development of a clear direction .

2) Increase investment in basketball, while play basketball in its economic leverage function, self-reliance, strengthen their own blood making function, therefore, increase the propaganda of basketball, and create a good economic and cultural environment.

3) Following the laws of the market, accelerate the process of marketilization and profession of basketball , while making the sound laws and regulations, create a good internal management system and operation mechanism.

4) Learning from the United States Basketball Reserve Training Mechanism, establish market rules in line with China's basketball basketball talents training. Change the culture of one single system by the state for the culture of the multi-channel, multi-institutional forms.

Acknowledgements

Here I want to express my deepest gratitude to my tutor Mr.Guo, without whom this essay couldn’t be done. In his class I really leant so many things which a re necessary to finish this task.

Besides I also want to thank my classmates, who are Zhang qian, Liang peier, Li hongfan, Yun junli, Pu yingjie and Guan guibin. You are really good partners!

WORK CITED

Jichang

University Journal, 64-67.

Sport Journal,6-18.

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